走出激情的重围——德国观念论思想家对近代自然权利学说的批判  

Out of Passion——German Idealism's Critique of Early Modern Natural Right Theories

作　　者：黄涛[1] 

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学科学研究院,助理研究员上海201620

出　　处：《学术月刊》2017年第3期91-101,共11页Academic Monthly

基　　金：上海市哲学与社会科学规划青年课题"权利与共同体--德国古典法哲学关于法权概念的哲学证明"(2015EFX002)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：以霍布斯、洛克和卢梭为代表的近代自然权利学说为整个现代世界确立了基本的论说与思想框架,有关从自然状态向政治社会的论证,成为现代政治法律哲学的基本论证方式。从总体上讲,近代自然权利学说试图在人的激情或者说经验自由的基础上对于政治社会的形成进行论证,这种论证无法在个体和共同体之间达成和解。早在18世纪晚期和19世纪上半期,以康德、费希特和黑格尔为代表的德国观念论思想家对近代自然权利学说的关键构成要素进行了深刻的批判,他们从先验的自由出发,对于自然状态和社会契约进行了改造,从此,近代自然权利学说意义上的自然状态和社会契约消失了,取而代之的是一种建立在先验自由和普遍意志基础上的法权演绎学说。Early modern natural right theories established the framework of argument of modern political thought, It wanted to give a justification for the political society based on the human＇s passion or the empirical freedom, while this argumentation faced the internal difficulty. From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, German idealist such as Kant, Fichte and Hegel present the deeply critique of early modern natural right theories from the point view of transcendental freedom, especially regard its key elements： natural state and social contract.From that on, natural state is no longer a right state, and the social contract is changed into an idea of social contract which is not a empirical social fact.German idealists found a way to make a compromise between individual and community on the general will, which has its foundation in the transcendental freedom. This will lead a new right theory which can be called a theory of rechtsdeduktion of German idealism.

关 键 词：自然权利学说 法权演绎 自然状态 社会契约 普遍意志 

分 类 号：D09[政治法律—政治学]