周年氮磷钾配施模式对砂姜黑土麦玉轮作体系籽粒产量和养分利用效率的影响  

Effects of the Year-Round Management Model of N,P and K Combined Application on Grain Yield and Nutrient Efficiency of Wheat-Maize Rotation System in Lime Concretion Black Soil

作　　者：王永华[1] 黄源[1] 辛明华[1] 苑沙沙 康国章[1] 冯伟[1] 谢迎新[1] 朱云集[1] 郭天财[1] 

机构地区：[1]河南农业大学农学院/河南粮食作物协同创新中心,郑州450002

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2017年第6期1031-1046,共16页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家自然基金面上项目(31471439);国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300105);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03);"十二五"国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD26B01);"国家粮食丰产科技工程"河南课题(2013BAD07B07)

摘　　要：【目的】探讨周年不同氮磷钾配施对砂姜黑土麦玉轮作体系产量及养分利用效率的影响,明确适宜豫东南砂姜黑土麦玉一体化种植的氮磷钾配施模式。【方法】于2012—2014年连续两年在河南省周口市商水县典型砂姜黑土区设置氮磷钾不同配施大田定位试验,研究磷钾肥总用量不变、2种氮用量投入水平下麦玉两季磷钾配施模式对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作种植体系氮、磷、钾养分吸收利用及产量的调控效应。其中,氮肥设全年用量360.00kg·hm^(-2)和540.00 kg·hm^(-2)两个梯度,磷钾肥总量不变,设计4种配施方式,即麦季全磷玉米全钾(磷肥和钾肥分别全部施用于小麦季和玉米季)、麦季全磷玉米重钾(磷肥全部施用于小麦季,钾肥按麦玉两季42﹕58的比例分配)、麦季重磷玉米全钾(磷肥按麦玉两季64﹕36的比例分配,钾肥全部施用于玉米季)、麦季重磷玉米重钾(磷肥按麦玉两季64﹕36的比例分配,钾肥按麦玉两季42﹕58的比例分配)。【结果】高氮水平下麦玉两季磷钾肥分施能促进作物产量三要素的协调发展,显著提高冬小麦的穗数和夏玉米的穗长与行粒数,且两年度单季作物和全年籽粒产量均以麦季重磷且玉米季重钾P8处理最高,周年产量分别达21 274.2 kg·hm^(-2)和20 219.1 kg·hm^(-2)。砂姜黑土区冬小麦和夏玉米地上部养分含量大小均表现为氮>钾>磷。与低氮水平相比,高氮水平有利于提高植株地上部总氮、磷、钾的含量,然而氮素的偏生产力(NPFP)、吸收效率(NUPE)、利用效率(NUE)有所降低。磷钾肥分施不仅能促进冬小麦和夏玉米对氮素的吸收,还可有效防止元素的流失,提高作物对磷素和氮素的吸收和利用,显著提高磷钾两类元素的偏生产力(PFP)、吸收效率(UPE)。而磷钾全施在麦玉某一季作物上,由于磷肥易固定、钾肥易流失的原因,造成肥料后效减小,下茬作物因养分供给不平衡而影响作[Objective] This research was conducted to explore the effect of different year-round management models of combined application of nitrogen （N）, phosphorus （P） and potassium （K） nutrients on grain yields and nutrient efficiency of wheat-maize rotation system in lime concretion black soil and identify an optimal model for the use efficiency of the combined N, P, and K fertilizers in integrated wheat and maize planting system in the lime concretion black soil in the southeast area of Henan province. [ Method ] A field experiment of combined application of N, P, and K fertilizers was persistently performed in a typical lime concretion black soil area located in Shangshui country, Zhoukou city of Henan province during two continuous wheat-maize growing seasons （2012.09-2013.08 and 2013.09-2014.08）. In this experiment, a wheat-maize rotation system was designed, in which the amounts of total P and K fertilizers were not changed while two different amounts of N fertilizers and different application methods of P and K fertilizers were applied. And the effects of this rotation on absorbance and utilization of N, P, and K fertilizers by wheat and maize crops were studies. In this study, two different amounts of N fertilizers were applied at two levels of 360.00 kg-hm-2 and 540.00 kg＇hm2 in every year. The amounts of total P and K fertilizers were not changed, whereas these two fertilizers were applied with four different ways： all P and K fertilizers were applied in wheat and maize growing seasons, respectively; all P fertilizers were applied in wheat growing seasons, and K fertilizers were applied in both wheat and maize seasons and the ratio of K fertilizer applied in these two seasons was 42：58; all K fertilizers were applied at maize growing season and P fertilizers were applied in both wheat and maize seasons with 64：36 ratio for these two crops; P and K fertilizers were simultaneously applied into soil in both wheat and maize seasons and the ratios of P and K fertilizers applied in these two

关 键 词：冬小麦-夏玉米轮作 氮磷钾配施 养分利用效率 产量 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S512.11