市场导向生态补偿机制的理论纷争与政策选择  

Theoretical Controversy and Policy Options on Market-oriented Ecological Compensation Mechanism

作　　者：孙荣[1] 张旭[2] 

机构地区：[1]同济大学经济与管理学院公共管理系 [2]同济大学经济与管理学院

出　　处：《理论与现代化》2017年第1期23-31,共9页Theory and Modernization

基　　金：国家哲学社会科学基金重点项目"建立健全政府向社会力量购买公共服务机制研究";项目编号:14AZZ011

摘　　要：市场是构建生态补偿机制的基本维度之一。然而,其理论依据"科斯定理"自问世以来,就受到各方质疑。扬长避短的关键是根据生态产品的属性,科学界定市场与政府的边界。具体政策的选择和实施效果取决于生态问题的类型、市场的成熟度,公众的生态意识、政府的政策目标、政策制定者的素质,以及法律法规组成的政策环境等因素。同时,从动态演进的角度寻求调和,探索出一种中间的"市场增进型"政策工具。选择合适的政策工具,有利于充分发挥市场效能,协调经济与环境关系,实现人与自然的和谐。生态保护制度的创新也催生了巨大的生态保护市场。零净损的"生态保护指标交易"、为生态产品市场制定规制的"生态认证"、碳汇交易等典型应用取得了令人鼓舞的成果。其成功经验可归结为中介组织、政府介入,共同利益和结果导向。因此,在生态补偿机制的设计过程中,要以遵循自然规律为前提,以生态利益的有效供给为核心,立法先行,有效发挥市场效能,完善生态补偿市场的"进入—退出"机制,明确政府职能,强化过程监管,体现环境公平。The market is one of the basic dimensions in the construction of ecological compensation mechanism. The Coase theorem, which acts as its theoretical basis, however, was challenged since its appearance. To maximize the strength whilst minimizing the weaknesses, it is crucial to define the boundary between the market and the government according to the attributes of ecological products in a scientific way. As to the specific policy choices and the relevant results, these depend on the type of ecological problems, maturity of the market, ecological consciousness of the public, objectives of the govern- ment＇s policy, the quality of policy makers, and legal and policy environment etc. Meanwhile, we try to mediate and explore market-enhancing policy tools in dynamic evolutionary terms. Selecting the appropriate policy tool is beneficial to give full play to the market, coordinate the relation of economy and environment and realize the harmony between man and nature. Institutional innovation of the ecological protection has also given rise to enormous ecological protection market. Typical au ent a ＂ ＂ ＂ applications, such as zero net loss＂ecological protection quota trading＂,＂ecological th ic tlon which sets rules for eco- logical product market, and ＂carbon credit trading＂, have yielded exciting results. These can be attributed to medium orga- nization, government intervention, common interests and result oriented direction. Therefore, in the designing process of e- cological compensation mechanism, following the laws of nature should be the premise. Effective supply of ecological in- terests should act as the core. Legislation should go ahead. The in-and-out mechanism of ecological compensation market should be improved. The government should clarify their functions and enhance the process regulation for purpose of envi- ronmental justice.

关 键 词：市场导向 生态补偿 理论纷争 政策选择 

分 类 号：X321[环境科学与工程—环境工程]