基于景观基因视角的陕南传统民居对自然地理环境的适应性  

Adaptation of Natural Envionment of Traditional Dwellings of Southern Shaanxi——Landscape Gene Perspective

作　　者：祁剑青[1,2] 刘沛林[2] 邓运员[2] 郑文武[2] 

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学西北历史环境与经济社会发展研究院,中国陕西西安710062 [2]衡阳师范学院古村古镇文化遗产数字化传承湖南省协同创新中心,中国湖南衡阳421008

出　　处：《经济地理》2017年第3期201-209,共9页Economic Geography

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目(16ZDA159)

摘　　要：选取陕南传统民居为研究对象,借鉴景观基因理论,探讨传统民居对自然地理环境的适应。在结合相关地方史志文献与实地调查资料的基础上,采取结构提取法,从屋顶造型、山墙造型、屋脸形式、平面结构、局部装饰、建筑用材等六方面提取了陕南传统民居的景观基因。对自然地理环境的适应主要体现在地形地貌、气候环境以及植被状况等方面。民居的分布与地形条件关系密切,平地区多呈团块状分布,山地、丘陵地带多呈散点式分布;其平面布局亦与地形有很大关系,平地区多合院,山地、丘陵地带多"一"字形、"L"形以及"U"形,庭院开敞;屋顶、院落形态皆对气候环境有一定的反映,陕南为湿润、半湿润气候区,屋顶以悬山顶为主,且出檐深远;开敞式庭院有利于通风,天井可形成烟囱效应,将院内的湿热气迅速排出;土木瓦房、石板房、竹木房等很好地体现了就地取材这一基本通则。陕南传统民居的屋顶、山墙、平面形态、立面形态在传承中原民居的景观基因的基础上,为适应自然环境产生了景观变异。The paper takes traditional dwellings of Southern Shaanxi as the object to research the adaption to natural environment of the traditional dwellings by the theory of settlement landscape gene. Based on the relevant local historical records and survey data, the paper adopts the method of structure extraction. The study researches the residential type, plane, roof, and courtyard. Adaptation of traditional dwellings of natural environment is mainly reflected in terms of landform, climate and vegetation. Distribution of traditional houses adapted to the terrain fiat is lumpy distribution, the mountains and hills are scattered distribution. Generally speaking, the courtyard is located in the fiat. Open courtyard is located in hilly area, including single, L- shape and U- shaped layout. Both roof andcourtyard form on climate are reflected, on the roof of the mountains in southern Shaanxi traditional dwellings to hanging peak for the mainstream and a far-reaching eaves, is conducive to the ventilation on the open courtyard. Courtyard can form chimney effect to discharge hot and humid air; civil houses, stone houses and bamboo houses reflect the materials of basic principle. The roof, gable, plane shape and facade of the traditional dwellings in southern Shaanxi have changed the landscape to adapt to the natural environment on the basis of the landscape genes of the traditional dwellings.

关 键 词：景观基因 传统民居 建筑形式 自然环境 适应性 陕南 

分 类 号：K901[历史地理—人文地理学]