负压水肥一体化灌溉对黄瓜产量和水、氮利用效率的影响  

Water and nitrogen use efficiencies of cucumber under negatively pressurized fertigation

作　　者：李生平[1] 武雪萍[1] 龙怀玉[1] 张淑香[1] 王相玲[1] 梁国鹏[1] 高丽丽[1] 李景[1] 王碧胜 郝秀钗 李建波 张胜爱 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,耕地培育技术国家工程实验室,北京100081 [2]河北省藁城区农业技术推广中心,河北石家庄052160

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2017年第2期416-426,共11页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家“863”计划(2013AA102901);国家重点研发计划支持项目(2016YFD0201001);国家科技支撑计划(2015BAD22B03)资助

摘　　要：【目的】本试验采用自行设计的新型负压水肥一体化灌溉系统,进行了系统供水负压对土壤硝态氮分布和黄瓜水氮利用效率影响的研究,以期为实际应用和管理提供理论依据和技术参考。【方法】在遮雨网室内进行了供水和施氮双因素盆栽试验。以常规灌溉为对照(CK),设4个供水水平:0(W1)、–5(W2)、–10(W3)和–15 k Pa(W4),2个施氮水平(N1,N 0.3 g/kg土;N0,不施氮),共10个处理。分析检测了黄瓜生育期内0—25土壤水分变化动态、土壤硝态氮的空间分布特征,计算了黄瓜的水、氮利用效率。【结果】随着黄瓜耗水量的增加,系统供水量也增大,系统累计供水量与黄瓜累计耗水量之间存在极显著线性关系y=0.96x+3.4(R2=0.99,P<0.01)。不同供水负压对同一时期土壤含水量变化有极显著影响(P<0.01),当供水负压设定在0、–5、–10和–15 k Pa时,土壤平均质量含水量分别为28.7%、22.7%、20.0%和15.6%,而在同一系统供水负压下黄瓜整个生育期土壤含水量保持相对稳定,其变化属于弱变异(变异系数CV≤0.1)。负压灌溉水肥一体化能显著提高0—25 cm土壤氮素分布的均匀性,土壤硝态氮沿垂直方向的平均变差系数分别比常规灌溉降低了58.6%~71.2%。同一系统供水负压下,施氮处理(N1)黄瓜植株干物质量、产量和水分利用效率比不施氮处理(N0)分别提高了4.6%~256.1%、12.6%~196.6%和7.76%~86.27%。当供水负压为–5 k Pa时,黄瓜植株平均干重和产量均为最高,分别为153 g/pot和1406 g/pot,黄瓜平均水分利用效率和氮肥表观利用率分别比常规灌溉提高了136.8%和52.32%。【结论】适宜的供水负压下,负压灌溉系统通过土壤水分平衡供应机制,实现了作物对水分的连续自动获取,黄瓜整个生长期间,灌溉系统可以保持平稳均匀与适时适量供水,因而,负压灌溉水肥一体化显著提高了黄瓜的水、氮利用效率。本试验条件下,系统供水负�【Objectives】This study aimed to search suitable combination of irrigation and fertilizer through the distribution of nitrate nitrogen and water and nitrogen use efficiencies of cucumber. 【Methods】A complete two factor pot experiment was conducted. Irrigation included five levels： 0, –5, –10, –15 k Pa and conventional irrigation, recorded as W1, W2, W3, W4 and CK in turn; N input rates of 0（N0） and 0.3 g/kg soil（N1） were included in each water treatment. Soil water and nitrate nitrogen contents were investigated in different depth and different growing stages, the water and nitrogen use efficiencies of cucumber were calculated. 【Results】Water supply was highly significant and positively correlated with the water consumption of cucumber in all the treatments（y = 0.96 x ＋ 3.4, R2 = 0.99, P〈0.01）, so the water supply in the negatively pressurized irrigation system was dominated by the crop water consumption, and in this way the system was able to keep a balance between water consumption and water supply. The average soil water content was significantly affected by water supply pressure. The soil water contents under irrigation pressure of 0, –5, –10 and –10 k Pa were respectively 28.7%, 22.7%, 20.0% and 15.6%, and the soil water contents were stable with the coefficient of variation less than 0.1 during cucumbers growth period. The negatively pressurized fertigation system could extremely increase distribution uniformity of soil water and nitrogen within 0–25 cm soil layer. The average coefficient of variation（CV） of the vertical distribution of soil nitrate was decreased by 58.6%–71.2%compared with CK. Compared with the N0 treatment, the plant dry weight, yield and water use efficiency under N1 treatment were respectively increased by 4.6%–256.1%, 12.6%–196.6% and 7.76%–86.27% at the same water supply pressure of the fertigation system. Under treatment of W2（–5 k Pa）, the average plant dry weight and yield were all the highest, which were 153 and 1406 g/p

关 键 词：负压水肥一体化灌溉 黄瓜 水分利用效率 氮肥利用率 

分 类 号：S642.2[农业科学—蔬菜学]