果树树形的形成机制与调控技术研究进展  

A review of the canopy architecture formation mechanism and regulation technology in fruit trees

作　　者：张抗萍 李荣飞[1] 常耀栋 梁国鲁[1] 陆智明[1] 易佑文 胡涛 鲁振华[4] 郭启高[1] ZHANG Kangping LI Rongfei CHANG Yaodong LIANG Guolu LU Zhiming YI Youwen HU Tao LU Zhenhua GUO Qigao(College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Beibei 400715, Chongqing, China Guang＇ an Science and Tech- nology Development and Training Center, Guang＇ an 638500, Sichuan, China Guang＇ an District Agricultural Bureau, Guang＇ an 638500, Sichuan, China Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, CAAS, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China)

机构地区：[1]西南大学园艺园林学院,重庆北碚400715 [2]广安市科技开发培训中心,四川广安638500 [3]广安区农业局,四川广安638500 [4]中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所,郑州450009

出　　处：《果树学报》2017年第4期495-506,共12页Journal of Fruit Science

基　　金："十二五"国家科技支撑计划(2014BAD16B0102-01)

摘　　要：树形培养与维护是形成理想树体结构的基础。不同果树种类或同一种类在不同栽培条件下的适宜树形有所差异,筛选与应用具有通风透光、高光能利用率、低成本、丰产、稳产、优质等特点的适宜树形是大多数果树生产者的共同目标。果树树形含自然树形和人工培育树形,众多研究者通过不同树形结构特点及其修剪效应的对比分析,逐步完善果树树形培养与维护的技术体系,并提出冠层分枝与节间长度遗传特点、激素与矮化基因调控树形的机制。为此,本文对果树的树形类型、形成调控机制、人工整形修剪技术,以及树形的培养与维护等方面的研究现状进行了综述,并对省力化机械修剪、树形形成调控机制及适宜树形的合理评价方法等进行了展望,以期为果树树形培养和科学修剪提供参考。Understanding the fundamental nature of an ideotype tree＇ s structural characteristics is often a catalyst for the development of new technologies in fruit cultivation and management. It is widely be- lieved, as demonstrated in the overwhelming majority of fruit tree species, or the same species cultivated in different natural conditions, that a tree＇ s structural characteristics such as a training system, branch type, canopy position and crop load affect the yield and quality of the fruit. Indeed, studies have uncov- ered multiple overlapping but functionally distinct optimum canopies in fruit trees, including the natural canopy （no pruning） and different types of training systems （Spindle shape, Open center shape, Y-shape, T-shape, V-shape, etc.）. The characteristics of different training systems and canopy structures of fruit trees can be evaluated by using morphological, cytological, physiological, biochemical and molecular mea- surements. There are many parameters that can be measured in fruit trees that have been associated with a tree structure. The different parameters reported among the training systems tested could be associated with the different capabilities of each system to intercept and distribute the light in the canopy. So natural light availability within fruit trees is an important factor for canopy and fruit development as light radia- tion provides energy for photosynthetic organisms and to motivate photosynthetic processes. Actually,when considering the single tree canopy for a given genotype, highly vigorous growth of a canopy gradually reduces the light penetration from top to bottom of the canopy. That is, the top/outer portions of a canopy intercept more light than the inner/bottom portions, and the photosynthetically aetive radiation （PAR） transmitted portion gradually decreases when light passes through a fruit tree canopy, which generates the light＇ s microclimate and determines the amount of available light for distribution location within the cano- py. Furthermore,

关 键 词：果树 树冠结构 形成机制 整形修剪 调控技术 

分 类 号：S66[农业科学—果树学]