半干旱区不同秋覆膜方式对土壤水分及春玉米光合特性的影响  

Effects of different patterns of plastic film mulching in autumn on soil moisture and photosynthetic characteristics of spring maize in the semi-arid regions

作　　者：张超[1,2] 吴杨[2,3] 黄方园[1,2] 贾志宽[2,3] 蔡铁[2,3] 任小龙[2,3] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学林学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]中国旱区节水农业研究院,农业部西北黄土高原作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [3]西北农林科技大学农学院,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《干旱地区农业研究》2017年第2期39-45,共7页Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas

基　　金：“十二五”国家科技支撑计划课题“西北旱作区抗逆稳产旱作农业技术集成与示范”(2012BAD09B03);“十二五”863课题“作物生境过程光能利用调控技术”(2013AA102902);“十二五”公益性行业项目“黄土高原雨养农田水分高效利用技术研究与示范”专题“陕西(宁夏)雨养农田玉米水分高效利用技术研究与示范”(201303104)

摘　　要：为了提高旱作农区降雨利用效率,并解决春旱问题,在西北半干旱地区设置了秋季地膜全覆盖(PA)和秋季沟垄集雨半膜覆盖(RH)两种覆膜方式,以裸地不覆盖(CK)为对照,对土壤水分、春玉米功能叶片的光合参数、荧光参数和籽粒产量进行了研究。结果表明:与对照(CK)相比,不同秋覆膜方式显著增加了春玉米播前0~100 cm土壤储水量,2013年春旱严重,PA和RH处理分别提高了26.15%和13.40%;2014年春季有雨雪,两种覆膜方式分别提高了10.44%和11.20%。不同秋覆膜处理的春玉米净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、最大荧光(Fm)、最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSII的潜在活性(Fv/F_0)和光化学猝灭系数(q P)较对照有不同程度提高,且2014年增幅高于2013年。2013年PA和RH处理的籽粒产量较CK分别提高了40.98%和25.83%,水分利用效率增加了29.70%和22.87%;2014年两个处理春玉米籽粒产量分别提高了74.60%和48.64%,水分利用效率增加了64.87%和47.08%。试验表明,不同秋覆膜方式在西北半干旱地区均可提高春玉米叶片的光合性能,并显著提高春玉米籽粒产量及水分利用效率,在偏旱的年份效果尤为明显,且秋季地膜全覆盖优于秋季沟垄集雨半膜覆盖,是西北半干旱区春玉米一种高效的栽培模式。With the purpose of promoting rainfall utilization efficiency and mitigating spring drought,the effects of plastic film mulching in autumn on soil moisture,photosynthetic indexes and fluorescence parameters in functional leaves and grain yield of spring corn were studie. Two different patterns of plastic film mulching in autumn-all film mulching in autumn(PA) and ridge and furrow planting of semi-film mulching in autumn(RH)-were tested in the semi-arid areas in Northwest. Corn plants with no mulching cover(CK) served as control. Results showed that water storage within 0 ~ 100 cm soil of the two different patterns of plastic film mulching in autumn increased significantly,compared with CK. In the spring of severe drought in 2013,soil water storage in the treat-ment of PA and RH increased by 26. 15% and 13. 40%,respectively. In the spring of rain and snow in 2014,soil water storage in the two patterns of plastic film mulching increased by 10. 44% and 11. 20%. The net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr),stomatal conductance(Gs) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters(Fm,Fv/Fm,Fv/F_0 and q P) of corn functional leaves in treatment PA and treatment RH were all higher than those in control in 2013 and 2014(the rate of increase in these parameters was higher in 2014 than in 2013). The corn grain yield of PA and RH increased by 40. 98% and 25. 83% respectively,and 74. 60%,48. 64% in 2014. Water production efficiency of PA and RH increased by 29. 70% and 22. 87% in 2013 respectively,and 64. 87%,47.08% in 2014. The results also showed that different patterns of plastic film mulching in autumn in the semi-arid areas of Northwest promoted the photosynthetic performance of leaves,and significantly increased grain yield and water use efficiency of corn,which was particularly evident in the drought year,and the all film mulching in autumn was the optimal cultivating model in the semi-arid region of Northwest and it was better than ridge and furrow planting of semi-film mulching in autumn.

关 键 词：春玉米 秋季覆膜 土壤水分 光合特性 产量 

分 类 号：S343.1[农业科学—作物栽培与耕作技术]