耕作方式对玉米田土壤真菌群落及多样性的影响  

Effect of different tillage practices on fungal community and diversity in maize-growing soil

作　　者：赵丽琨[1] 肖淑芹[1] 刘畅[2] 刘雨佳[2] 薛春生[1] 陈捷[2] 

机构地区：[1]沈阳农业大学植物保护学院,辽宁沈阳110866 [2]上海交通大学农业与生物学院,上海200240

出　　处：《中国植保导刊》2017年第4期5-14,32,共11页China Plant Protection

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31271992);国家现代农业(玉米)产业技术体系(CARS-02)

摘　　要：为明确不同耕作方式对玉米田土壤真菌区系的影响,2011-2015年选取全国13个主要玉米种植区不同保护性耕作处理的土壤465份,进行了玉米田土壤真菌多样性的研究。采用稀释平板法和水稻秸秆组织定殖法分离出真菌3 167株,利用形态学鉴定出43属71种。其中,接合菌6属8种,占总菌株数的9.66%;子囊菌3属4种,占2.05%;无性型真菌36属59种,占85.54%。除无孢类群外,玉米田中的优势菌分别为镰孢菌属(Fusarium)、木霉属(Trichoderma)、青霉属(Penicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus),分别占总菌株数的15.57%、15.50%、14.34%、12.53%。13个地区中吉林洮南地区玉米田土壤真菌多样性指数和丰富度指数最高,分别为R=5.772 7和H′=2.730 0;陕西杨凌地区玉米田土壤真菌均匀度指数最高(J=0.970 2);辽宁沈阳和吉林洮南玉米田土壤真菌相似度指数最高(C_j=0.806 5),云南曲靖、四川绵阳地区玉米田土壤真菌相似度指数最低(C_j=0.045 5)。研究表明,深松处理使玉米田土壤有益真菌数量逐年增加,且高于旋耕处理;致病菌数量显著下降,降低水平低于旋耕处理;中性菌数量年际间变化不显著;秸秆还田处理玉米田土壤有益菌、致病菌和中性菌数量均高于旋耕处理;随耕作年限增加有益菌和中性菌数量平稳上升,致病菌数量逐年下降,但不排除有回升的可能性。In order to understand relationship between fungal population and conservation tillage practices in maize field, investigation of soil fungal diversity in fields of 13 main maize production regions with different tillage practices was conducted during 2011 to 2015. Totally 3167 fungal isolates were obtained from 465 soil samples by dilution soil plate and straw tissue colonization method. Based on morphological characteristics, 71 fungal species belonging to 43 genera were identified, including 8 species in 6 genera of Zygomycetes （9.66%）, 4 species in 3 genera of Ascomycetes （2.05%）, and 95 species in 63 genera of anamorphic fungi （85.54%）. The results indicated that except mycelia sterilia, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Penicillium and Aspergillus were the dominant fungal population and the isolating frequencies were 15.57%, 15.50%, 14.34% and 12.53%, respectively. Fungal diversities in maize soil were significantly different in 13 soil-sampling regions. Shannon diversity index （H＇ =2.7300） and M a rgalef richness index （R =5.7727） of fungi in Taonan in Jilin province was highest. Pielou evenness index （J=0.9702） of fungi in Xianyang in Shanxi province was highest. Similarity coefficient of fungal populations was higher （Cj=0.8065） in Shenyang of Liaoning Province and Taonan of Jilin Province, while it was lower in Qujing of Yunnan province and Mianyang of Sichuan province （Cj=0.0455）. The results showed that abundance of beneficial fungus of subsoiling tillage increased yearly and were greater than those of normal tillage, pathogens decreased significantly which lower than normal tillage. Non-pathogenic fungi had no significant changes during years. Population of non-pathogens, pathogens and beneficial fungus were all higher in returning treatment than that in normal tillage. With extension of year, beneficial fungus and non-pathogens raised steadily, while pathogens were declining.

关 键 词：玉米田 土壤真菌 多样性 耕作措施 

分 类 号：S435.131[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治] S157.42[农业科学—植物保护]