中美花生收获机械化技术现状与发展分析  

Analysis on Technology Status and Development of Peanut Harvest Mechanization of China and the United States

作　　者：陈中玉[1,2] 高连兴[1] CHEN Charles BUTTS C L 

机构地区：[1]沈阳农业大学工程学院,沈阳110866 [2]盐城工业职业技术学院汽车工程学院,盐城224005 [3]奥本大学农学院,奥本al36849 [4]美国农业部农业研究局国家花生研究实验室,道森ga31742

出　　处：《农业机械学报》2017年第4期1-21,共21页Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(51575367);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0702100);高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金项目(20122103110009)

摘　　要：收获是花生生产关键环节,用工量占整个生产过程60%以上,机械化收获是一个国家花生生产水平的重要体现。中国和美国同是世界重要的花生生产与出口大国,但因花生生产水平特别是收获机械化水平差距悬殊,从而导致花生出口的国际竞争力不同。美国两段式机械化收获方式及其先进的花生收获机械化技术,使花生生产高产优质高效、国际市场竞争优势明显,而中国多种花生机械化收获方式并存,收获机械化水平相对较低,从而制约了花生生产效益和出口竞争力。基于大量文献的系统分析、中国花生生产实地调研以及美国花生生产和收获机械化的实地考察与综合分析,综述了中国和美国花生生产及其收获机械化发展现状,分别阐述了中国和美国最新花生起收机、捡拾收获机等机器的类型、总体结构型式和主要性能参数等;分析了花生收获机械关键装置的结构原理与特点;综合分析了美国花生收获机械化发展历程以及快速发展的主要动因,中国花生收获机械化发展的主要制约因素;提出了中国花生收获机械化发展动态。对深入了解中国和美国花生收获机械化技术现况及其发展历程,进行中国花生收获机械化发展总结,在借鉴美国成功经验基础上因地制宜地采取措施,加速发展我国花生收获机械化,具有一定的参考价值。Peanut is a very important crop for production and trade of edible oil in the world and in China.China is the largest peanut producer in total annual production which accounted for about 40%and the second-largest in peanut area planted accounted for about 20% in the world just followed India.However,although to be not as the large peanut producers as China,India and Nigeria,the United States,Argentina and Brazil all are the quite important peanut exporters in the world and respectively accounted for 16.03%,23.58% and 4.72% of the world export peanut in 2016.Especially in the United States,the peanut area planted only accounted for about 2.46%,but total annual peanut production accounted for about 6.11% and export peanut accounted for 16.03% in 2016,which made the United States become the strongest peanut nation in the world.Based on comprehensively analysis,the mian reason why the United States has been the strongest peanut nation is that high level harvest mechanization played an important role in peanut production.Harvesting is a key part in peanut production,it accounted for more than 60% labor employment of the whole process.China and the United States are both the important peanut production and export superpowers in the world,but theChinese peanut production level especially harvest mechanization level is far below that of the United States,which causes peanut export international competition difference.The American two-stage mechanization harvesting pattern and peanut harvet mechanization technology lead to its peanut production with high yield,quality,efficiency and great international market competitive advantages.However,there are several peanut mechanization harvest pattern coexisted in China and of which the low harvest mechanization level restricted its peanut production benefit and export competitiveness.Based on systematic analysis about large relevant literature and practices on peanut production,the development and technology status,history and main reasons of peanut harevest mechanization of Chi

关 键 词：花生 收获机械 起收机 捡拾收获机 中国 美国 

分 类 号：S225.73[农业科学—农业机械化工程]