新考据派史家胡适、傅斯年的宋学观与方法论述评  

On Hu Shi and Fu Sinian's Discovery and Evaluation of the Scientific Elements in Song Historiography

作　　者：徐国利[1] 

机构地区：[1]上海财经大学人文学院历史系,200433

出　　处：《史学理论研究》2017年第2期30-42,共13页Historiography Bimonthly

摘　　要：胡适、傅斯年运用进化史观,以现代科学方法论和史学观为依据对宋代学术加以研究和评判。胡适说,宋学的最大贡献是提出了"格物致知"的科学方法论,开启中国现代学术的先河,清学与之一脉相承;朱子是影响中国近代思想最大最深的思想家;宋代的功利主义思想有着积极意义。傅斯年推崇程朱理学的"道问学"及其科学性,认为清代朴学虽然攻击宋学,其学术立场与宋学实质上是相近的;朱子学在中国思想史上有承上启下的伟大贡献;宋代史学在史料考订与整理上取得重大成就,具有近代科学性,开创了近代中国史学。他们着力发掘宋学中的科学精神和方法论,以之作为中国学术现代转型的资源,体现了工具理性的价值观。但是,他们否认中国传统学术道德理性的价值及对中国现代学术构建的作用,是典型的唯科学主义和西方文化中心论,存在严重片面性和理论缺陷;他们倡导的历史进化观与马克思的唯物史观的历史主义也不能相提并论。客观认识他们学术方法论得失,对建构当代中国人文学术话语体系具有重要启示。Drawing on the idea of evolutionism,Hu Shi and Fu Sinian studied and evaluated Song scholarship from the perspective of modern scientific methodology and historiography. Hu Shi pointed out that the greatest contribution of Song scholarship was its advocacy of 'the investigation of things and extension of knowledge'(gewu zhizhi),which was continued in the Qing period and presaged the rise of modern scholarship. As such,Zhu Xi(1230-1300) was a great thinker for the modern Chinese and the Neo-Confucian statecraft emphasis was a positive legacy. By comparison,Fu Sinian praised 'following the path of inquiry and study'(daowenxue) for its scientific characteristic in Neo-Confucian scholarship during the Song and Ming periods.Fu also believed that while Qing evidential scholars challenged Song Neo-Confucianism,they shared in essence a similar scholarly stance. Zhu Xi,therefore,was a great scholar who expanded on tradition while exploring new scholarly paths. In Hu and Fu's opinion,Song historians made a great achievement in source collection and criticism and their methods were comparable to that of modern science and consequential in preparing modern historiography. Thanks to their effort to discover and evaluate the scientific spirit and methods in Song scholarship,Hu Shi and Fu Sinian provided a traditional resource for the transformation of Chinese scholarship. Yet their approach reflects the thinking of instrumental rationality. Mired in Eurocentrism and scientism,their interpretation of Song scholarship is one-sided and partly flawed. The evolutionism advanced by them is also inferior to Marxist historical materialism. Nonetheless,while Hu and Fu underestimated the moral value of traditional learning for the establishment of modern scholarship,their study of Song scholarship remains inspirational for our construction of modern academic discourse.

关 键 词：胡适 傅斯年 科学方法 宋学 

分 类 号：K092[历史地理—历史学]