植物与病原物的相互作用及协同进化  

Interactions and co-evolution of plants and pathogens

作　　者：张丹丹[1] 邱金龙[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院微生物研究所植物基因组学国家重点实验室,北京100101

出　　处：《科学通报》2017年第12期1214-1220,共7页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31371929);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(B类)(XDB11030500)资助

摘　　要：植物始终处于各种病原物的威胁之下.为了生存,植物进化出了复杂的免疫系统.基于对"非我"识别的植物先天免疫系统大致可分为两个层面:第一个层面是通过细胞表面的模式识别受体对病原物保守的相关分子模式或损伤相关分子模式的识别而引发的免疫反应,称为分子模式触发的免疫,能帮助植物抵抗大部分病原物;第二个层面是由抗病基因编码的R蛋白直接或间接识别病原物分泌的效应子(effector),进而激发较强的防卫反应,称为效应子触发的免疫.在自然选择压力下,植物与病原物不断相互影响、协同进化.环境因素及人类生产活动使得植物-病原物互作更为复杂和多样化.植物与病原物之间长期相互选择和适应,植物抗病性与病原物致病性之间的竞争呈现"zig-zag"动态变化,这也是植物不能免疫一切疾病的主要原因.Plant disease is one of the major factors threatening global food security. To understand why all plants aren＇t immune to all diseases could help to develop new strategies to improve plant disease resistance. Although plants are constantly exposed to different pathogens, most plants are resistant to most pathogens and disease is exceptional. The disease outcome is determined by a triangle composed of host, pathogen and environment. Under a favored environmental condition, pathogens must access the plant interior by penetrating two physical barriers, the cuticle and the cell wall, and breaching antimicrobial compounds produced by plants. The few pathogens entered into plant tissues or cells have to face the sophisticated innate immune system of plants. Plant innate immune system have two-tiers, namely pattern-triggered immunity（PTI） and effector-triggered immunity（ETI）. PTI is initiated by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns（PAMPs） and damage-associated molecular patterns（DAMPs） by plant cell surface pattern recognition receptors（PRRs）. The first one named patterntriggered immunity（PTI） which can halt most pathogen infections. However, different plant species possess distinct PRRs for PAMPs or DAMPs. Neither PRRs nor PAMPs are invariant, which may partially explain why all plants aren＇t immune to all pathogens. Adapted pathogens evolved effectors which are delivered into plant cell to enhance pathogen virulence by suppressing PTI. In turn, plants have evolved resistance proteins（R proteins） to directly or indirectly recognize the pathogenic effectors. Most of the R proteins belong to the nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat（NB-LRR） type intracellular receptors. The defense mediated by R proteins is called effector-triggered immunity（ETI）. ETI activates stronger defense responses than PTI, usually results in hypersensitive cell death responses（HR） at infection sites. Effectors are extremely diverse and are indispensable to pathogens. Only in the presen

关 键 词：植物 病原物 先天免疫 分子模式触发的免疫 效应子触发的免疫 协同进化 

分 类 号：S432.2[农业科学—植物病理学]