印度生物遗传资源和相关传统知识获取制度发展动态研究  

Development Situation on Regime of Access and Benefit-Sharing on Biological Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge in India

作　　者：武建勇[1] 李一丁[2] 

机构地区：[1]环境保护部南京环境科学研究所,南京210042 [2]贵州大学法学院,贵阳550025

出　　处：《植物遗传资源学报》2017年第3期503-508,共6页Journal of Plant Genetic Resources

基　　金：生物多样性保护专项(2111101);西藏阿里地区获取和惠益分享能力建设问题研究

摘　　要：印度是世界上生物多样性最丰富的国家之一,主张遗传资源主权归国家所有并实现遗传资源惠益公平分享。印度政府于2003年颁布了《生物多样性法》,2004年又补充颁布了《生物多样性条例》,明确规定国家对其生物资源及相关传统知识的主权、保护原则、主管部门和管理体系、获取和惠益分享等问题。2014年又制订发布了《生物资源及相关传统知识获取规则指南》,对生物考察和利用、商业开发的惠益形式与比例、成果转化程序与惠益分享方式、知识产权获取程序与惠益分享形式、第三方转让为研究或商业利用、豁免审批情况等都作出了详细明确的规定。从印度遗传资源获取与惠益分享制度体系发展动态来看,印度的制度构建过程是循序渐进,不断更新,逐步趋于完善、细化。印度的遗传资源制度体系建设紧跟国际发展形势,从原则性的规定发展到具体措施。印度与中国生物遗传资源及相关传统知识国情相似,国际谈判立场一致,印度的遗传资源获取与惠益分享管理制度体系构建思路值得中国在国内遗传资源获取与惠益分享国家制度体系构建借鉴。India is one of the mega-diversity countries in the world. It claims the national sovereignty over its genetic resources and the benefit-sharing in a fair and equitable way. India has enacted the Act on Biodiversity in 2003 and the Regulation on Biodiversity in 2004, stated the issues like the nation has the sovereignty right on its ge- netic resources and associated traditional knowledge, the principles of protection, the competent authority and admin- istrative system and access and benefit-sharing, etc. In addition, India enacted and promulgated the Guidelines on Regulations of Access to Biological Resource and Associated Traditional Knowledge and Benefit Sharing in 2014, which defined and regulated bioprospecting and access to biological resources, the form and ratios of benefits sharing resulted from commercial uses and merchandises, the procedure of results transfer and subsequent benefit sharing, the application to intellectual property and benefit-sharing, the transfer to third-party for research of commercial u- ses and merchandise, as well as exemption approvals. The process mentioned above in India is a step by step process, and it makes continuously improvement and gradually presents specifics. India closely follows up global trend to develop the general principles and specific items of its genetic resources regime. On the issue of genetics re- sources and associated traditional knowledge, India stands in the similar situation with China and both of the two countries holds a consistent position in international negotiations, therefore, the experiences and the pathway of India in this field can be brought to China as reference.

关 键 词：印度 生物遗传资源 传统知识 获取和惠益分享 名古屋议定书 

分 类 号：D935.1[政治法律—法学] DD912.6[生物学—普通生物学] Q16