机动车燃油质量及尾气排放与北京市大气污染的相关性  

Correlation of fuel quality and emissions of motor vehicle with atmospheric pollution in Beijing

作　　者：杨昆昊 夏赞宇 何芃[2] 吴丽[1] 龚玲玲[1] 钱越英[3] 侯琰霖[1] 何裕建[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院大学化学与化工学院,北京101408 [2]同济大学化学系,上海200092 [3]中国科学院理化技术研究所,北京100190

出　　处：《中国科学院大学学报（中英文）》2017年第3期304-317,共14页Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(21272263);中国科学院大学生创新实践训练计划(118900EA12);中国科学院化学研究所分子科学科教融合创新(Y52902HED2)资助

摘　　要：采用GC-MS等仪器分析手段对北京市各主要品牌的燃油进行质量分析,并建立以静稳天气下单位体积中的污染物日均变化为相对参照标准计算各污染物贡献率的新思路。首先研究机动车尾气各主要污染物(CO、HC、NO_2和SO_2)在单位体积的日均排放量,然后分别统计北京市两年(2013年11月—2015年10月)大气中各对应污染物实测的单位体积的日均变化量,再分别计算出汽车尾气对大气各污染物的贡献率。结果如下。1)北京市燃油普遍存在重金属含量超标,硫含量超标,不饱和芳烃含量超标,氮含量偏高(无国标制约)等问题。2)在供暖季,北京市汽车尾气排放的CO、NO_2和SO_2分别占总CO、NO_2和SO_2排放的30.1%、72.4%和6.6%;在非供暖季,汽车尾气排放的CO、NO_2和SO_2分别占总CO、NO_2和SO_2排放的53.3%、74.3%和20.3%;北京市汽车HC排放全年平均分担率约为67.8%。研究结果表明,燃油是北京市大气污染的主要原因。最后为北京市大气污染的有效治理提出具体的建议和措施。In order to clarify the real origin of the atmospheric pollution in Beijing, the correlation of fuel quality and emission of motor vehicle with atmospheric pollution in Beijing was studied in this work. The qualities of various major brands of fuel were analyzed by using the methods of instrumental analysis such as GC-MS. A new idea that the average daily change of the contaminant in unit volume is considered as reference standard in calculation of the contribution rates of various pollutants below the inversion layer in static stability weather is set up. Firstly, the average daily emissions of the main pollutants including CO, HC, NO2, and SO2 in unit volume were studied. Next the real measured daily variation of the pollutants in unit volume from November 2013 to October 2015 was studied. Then the contribution rates of the various pollutants by the vehicle exhausting to the respective atmospheric pollutants were calculated. The results are showed as follows. 1 ） The heavy metal contents, sulfur content, and aromatic hydrocarbon contents exceeded the limits. The nitrogen content was high, but there is no limit in international standard. 2） In heating season, the contribution rates of CO, NO2, and SO2 by the vehicle exhausting to the corresponding atmospheric pollutants were 30. 1%, 72. 4%, and 6. 6%, respectively, and in no-heating season,the contribution rates were 53. 3%,74. 3% , and 20. 3% , respectively. The annual average sharing percentage of the motor vehicle HC emission was about 67. 8%. Based on the results of this study, fuel combustion is the major cause of air pollution in Beijing, and several specific advices and measures for effectively controlling the atmospheric pollution in Beijing are put forward.

关 键 词：大气污染 燃油质量 机动车尾气 PM2.5 定量模拟 

分 类 号：X734.2[环境科学与工程—环境工程]