核应急中去除放射性铯的研究进展  

The progress in removal of radiocesium ion in a nuclear emergency

作　　者：钱骏[1] 许天鸿[1] 华道本[1] 

机构地区：[1]苏州大学放射医学及交叉学科研究院江苏省高校放射医学协同创新中心,215123

出　　处：《中华放射医学与防护杂志》2017年第5期393-397,共5页Chinese Journal of Radiological Medicine and Protection

基　　金：国家自然科学基金（91326202）;江苏省高校自然科学研究重大项目资助（16KJA310001）

摘　　要：核事故会造成大量的放射性铯泄漏，威胁环境与人类健康安全。因此，对进入环境及人体内的放射性铯离子的去除具有十分重要的意义。本文对核应急中放射性铯离子去除的研究进展进行了综述。目前针对环境土壤中放射性铯离子的污染主要采用直接移除表层部分，并对土壤进行净化处理，涉及的方法包括土壤淋洗法、电动力学修复法以及土壤固载法。对环境水体中放射性铯离子的去除主要采用吸附法，所用吸附剂主要有冠醚、杯芳烃、磷钼酸铵以及普鲁士蓝等。而人体中放射性铯离子的去除主要依靠普鲁士蓝口服促排药物，需要及时多次给药且见效慢，同时仍存在一些严重的不良反应，如易引起低钾血症和消化道不适。因此研究新型的核应急放射性铯离子去除药物，仍具有重要的战略意义。A nuclear accident likely leads to the leakage of radiocesium to a large degree, which could poses threatens to the environment and human health. Hence, it is very important to remove radiocesium ion from the environment and human body in the aftermath of a nuclear accident. In this review, the new progress of radiocesium ion removal in a nuclear emergency is discussed. The main technique to reduce soil pollution is to remove and purify topsoil. The methods of purification include leaching method, electrokinetic process and soil immobilization. The technique to remove radiocesium from water is mainly via adsorption. Common adsorbents include crown ether, calix ether, ammonium molybdophosphate and Prussian blue. Radiocesium removal from human body is mainly via oral administration of Prussian blue at fractioned doses in a timely manner but spents a relatively long response time, possibly accompanied with some severe side effects, like hypopotassemia and physical damage of digestive tract. Therefore, new techniques are still in need of development to remove radiocesium ion from human body more effectively.

关 键 词：核事故 放射性铯 去除 核应急 

分 类 号：R146[医药卫生—公共卫生与预防医学]