美国联邦最高法院对堕胎权的确认——罗伊诉韦德案  

The Recognition of the Right to Abortion by the Supreme Court of the United States:Roe v. Wade

作　　者：马洪伦[1] Ma Hong-lun

机构地区：[1]曲阜师范大学法学院

出　　处：《苏州大学学报（法学版）》2017年第2期135-160,共26页Journal of Soochow University：Law Edition

摘　　要：德克萨斯州刑事堕胎法规定,除非为了挽救母亲的生命并取得医生同意,否则禁止堕胎。单身孕妇罗伊等为了寻求一种绝对的堕胎权,提起了一个挑战上述法律合宪性的集体诉讼。美国联邦最高法院认为受第十四修正案保障的隐私权能够包含堕胎权,但应受制于保护孕妇健康和潜在人类生命的州利益,因此判决德克萨斯州刑事堕胎法违宪。斯图尔特大法官和道格拉斯大法官认为堕胎权的基础应当是受到第十四修正案保障的个人自由而非隐私权,因此发表协同意见。伦奎斯特大法官从分权原则、宪法基本权利的确立标准以及制宪者意图等角度发表反对意见。怀特大法官认为最高法院无权创造与宪法文本及其历史相悖的宪法权利。Texas Criminal Abortion Laws proscribe procuring or attempting an abortion except on medical advice for the purpose of saving the mother＇s life. In order to seek absolute right to abortion, Roe who is a pregnant single woman brought a class action challenging the constitutionality of the Texas Criminal Abortion Laws. The Supreme Court held that the right to privacy which is protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment including a woman＇s fight to terminate her pregnancy. For protecting both the pregnant woman＇s health and the potentiality of human life, State can limit the right to abortion. So the Supreme Court held that the Texas Criminal Abortion Laws is unconstitutional. Justice Stewart and Justice Douglas judged that the right to abortion should be based on the ＂liberty＂ that is protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment rather than the fight to privacy. Justice Rehnquist＇s dissent is based on the principle of the separation of powers, the standard of the fundamental right and the intention of the Framers. Justice White believed that the Supreme Court have no power to create a new constitutional right which is conflict with the language and history of the Constitution.

关 键 词：罗伊案 堕胎权 孕妇的健康 潜在的人类生命 隐私权 

分 类 号：D911.05[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]