多重极端环境中的生命：深海热液中的超嗜热古菌Thermococclaes  

Life in a multi-extreme environment:Thermococcales living in deep sea hydrothermal vents

作　　者：赵维殳 肖湘[1] ZHAO WeiShu XIAO Xiang(State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai .liao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, Chin)

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学,微生物代谢国家重点实验室,上海200240

出　　处：《中国科学：生命科学》2017年第5期470-481,共12页Scientia Sinica(Vitae)

摘　　要：超嗜热古菌Thermococcales是一类在类早期地球环境深海热液系统中常见的优势微生物类群,同时也是一类很好地适应了热液系统中剧烈波动的理化因子的微生物,部分Thermococcales微生物具有惊人的生长跨度(超过40℃的温度生长跨度、超过5个pH单位的pH生长跨度以及超过80 MPa的压力生长跨度),同时与其他绝大多数微生物相比具有较小的基因组(<2.3 Mb).有关Thermococcales在不同极端环境下的适应性研究发现,其特殊的代谢途径与多重极端环境适应相关,这些代谢途径包括:相容性溶质、能量代谢、膜脂、氨基酸代谢及抗氧化途径,进而发现可能存在应对多重极端环境的共同适应机制.研究Thermococcales的共同适应机制,可帮助探索深部生物圈这样低能、高温极端环境下(包括域外)微生物的生存策略,将为探究早期生命的代谢特点,进而更好地理解生命起源提供宝贵的模型和研究思路,也为合成生物学研究及工业化应用提供理论借鉴与生物材料.Thermococcales are commonly the dominant microbes in the black chimneys of deep sea hydrothermal vents, which represent one of the most extreme environments on earth and are similar to the conditions of the early earth. Thermococcales have adapted to the dramatic environmental fluctuations of physical and chemical factors in hydrothermal vents. They usually have wide growth ranges （over 40℃ for temperature, over 5 pH units for pH, and over 80 MPa for pressure growth ranges） but small genome sizes （〈2.3 Mb） compared with most microorganisms. Studies on the adaptation of Thermococcales to various extreme environments have reported that some of their unique metabolic pathways are related to adaptation to multiple extreme environments. These metabolic pathways include compatible solute, energetic metabolism, membrane lipid component, amino acid metabolism, and antioxidation pathways. Exploring these pathways further revealed that Thermococcales may have common adaptation strategies to multiple extreme environments. Studying the common adaptation mechanisms of Thermococcales will reveal the survival strategies of microorganisms in low-energetic and high-temperature extreme environments such as deep biospheres or extraterritorial habitats. It will also provide valuable research models and ideas for investigating metabolic traits of early life and further enhance our understanding of the origin of life. Finally, it will also provide theoretic references and biological materials for use in synthetic biology research and industrial applications.

关 键 词：Thermococcales 深海热液 多重极端环境 适应性 超嗜热古菌 

分 类 号：Q93[生物学—微生物学]