美国土地整合中的钉子户问题及其启示  

The Holdout Problem in the Process of Land Assembly in America and Its Implications

作　　者：靳相木[1] 陈箫[2] 

机构地区：[1]浙江大学公共管理学院,浙江杭州310058 [2]温州大学商学院,浙江温州325035

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2017年第3期183-193,共11页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(71273226)

摘　　要：通过梳理美国钉子户问题的内涵、发生机制及其解决方式,可知美国钉子户问题主要发生在土地市场交易环节,征收权是解决钉子户问题的重要手段。而中国钉子户问题则主要发生在土地征收环节,但目前市场主导的城市更新中也开始出现钉子户。征收权职能扩大化和征收权质态不清晰是导致土地房屋征收钉子户问题的重要原因,其出路在于疏解现行征收权的职能,实现征收权质态的清晰化:公共利益用地的取得及整合引入征收权,要强化征收权的公权性质,还原其本来面目,使整个社会形成对征收权应有的尊重,从而彻底消除征收中的钉子户行为;经营性用地及城市更新用地的取得及整合应逐步交给市场。参照美国的公社联合体(CAI)、商务改良区(BID)、土地整合区(LAD)等经验,要充分恰当地发挥和运用我国集体土地制度的优势,化解损害公共利益的钉子户行为,警惕和防范"私地悲剧"的发生。Integration of land is usually involved in the process of industrialization, urbanization and urban renewal by integrating the dispersed property right for development. Through combing the connotation, mechanism and solution of the holdout problems in the United States, it is found that land integration in the US mainly relies on the market mechanism and the holdout problems occur mainly inmarket transactions which is an important reason causing inefficient land use, such as American urban sprawl, central city decline and real estate value loss. In order to solve the holdout problem in the process of land integration, overcoming the threat of dispersed land ownership to land integration, American society has carried out fruitful exploration and practice of classification, that is： Private projects being handed over to the market with introduction of ＂secret agent mechamsm and introducing expropriation power to public project. In addition to these two practices, the United States has alsoexplored breaking the holdout problem through private ownership structure innovation, governance innovation, public-private cooperation and collective collaboration. Based on the experience of private rights innovation and governance innovation, Michael Heller further proposed the LAD program. In contrast, the integration of land in China mainly depends on the expropriation power of government and one hand, land attainment and integration for public interest belong to expropriation power, strengthening public power nature of it, restoring the true nature and forming the due respect from the whole society for the right to levy, thus to completely clear up the holdout behaviors; on the other hand, business land acquisition and integration belong to the market by strengthening the use of market mechanism in land development and integration. But as America＇s experience shows, when narrowing the scope of land expropriation, and allowing business land being transacted directly in the market, and introducing the market mechanisms

关 键 词：钉子户问题 土地整合 征收权 公地悲剧 私地悲剧 

分 类 号：F311[经济管理—产业经济]