西耶斯对卢梭的隐匿批判——论西耶斯的主权理论  

Sieyès' Hidden Critique of Rousseau: Sieyès' Theory of Sovereignty

作　　者：乐启良[1] 

机构地区：[1]浙江大学历史系

出　　处：《世界历史》2017年第3期57-68,共12页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目<法国大革命中的权利问题研究>(批准文号: 12CSS011);国家社科基金重大项目<法国大通史编纂>( 批准文号: 12&ZD187) 的阶段性成果;教育部社科基金重大项目<法国大革命历史档案整理与研究>

摘　　要：通过批判卢梭的人民主权学说,西耶斯构建了代议制和有限主权的理论。法国大革命初期,西耶斯抵制国王否决权和强制委托,阐明了代议制的必要性,宣称它汇集了劳动分工、人民代表制和理性协商的所有优点,是唯一适合现代社会的政治体系。罗伯斯庇尔垮台后,他开始批判人民主权无限论的荒谬,认为它只会催生吞噬一切的"极权国家",而非保障个人自由的"共和国"。西耶斯在公开场合避免提及卢梭的名字,但在手稿中却明确将之视为革命恐怖的罪魁祸首。由于西耶斯采取了隐匿的批判,许多政治思想家忽视了他和卢梭的区别,错误地将之视为后者的信徒。L'abbée Emanuel Sieyès formulated his theory of representation and limited popular sovereignty by criticizing Rousseau's doctrine.At the beginning of the French Revolution,Sieyès refuted royal veto and direct democracy by putting forth a convincing theory of representation.He claimed that representation combined all advantages of three fundamental principles:division of labor,delegation of people,and rationality of deliberation.He regarded it as the only political system applicable to the modern society.After the fall of Roberspierre's dictatorship,he began to criticize absurdities in the theory of unlimited popular sovereignty.He insisted that this theory could not build a republic(république)to provide sufficient protection for individual liberty,but will generate a horrible totalitarian monster(ré-totale)which will encroach on everything.Sieyès never mentioned Rousseau's name in public,but alluded in his manuscripts that Rousseau paved the way to the revolutionary terrorism.Since his criticism was hidden,many political thinkers omitted the difference between Sieyès and Rousseau and regarded the former as a disciple of the latter.

关 键 词：西耶斯 卢梭 法国大革命 人民主权 代议制 

分 类 号：D08[政治法律—政治学]