放射性同位素电池的研究进展  

A review of radioisotope batteries

作　　者：周毅[1] 张世旭[1,2] 李公平[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]兰州大学核科学与技术学院,兰州730000 [2]兰州大学核能与核技术研究所,兰州730000

出　　处：《科学通报》2017年第17期1831-1845,共15页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：秦惠君-李政道中国大学生科研见习进修基金(兰州大学)(JZSL20150005)资助

摘　　要：放射性同位素电池因其巨大的应用前景而受到学术界与工业界的广泛重视.本文简述了放射性同位素电池的历史背景、发展历程及现存的关键技术瓶颈;简单介绍了放射性同位素电池的基本原理与设计要求,讨论了目前国内外研究的不同换能方式同位素电池的技术方案,具体介绍了静态型热电式同位素电池、辐射伏特效应同位素电池、动态换能方式同位素电池、压电换能机制同位素电池的实验原理与研究进展;最后,对上述几种技术方案进行了分类总结与对比分析,并结合放射性同位素电池未来发展趋势、发展要求和用于放射性同位素电池燃料的同位素来源,展望了放射性同位素电池未来发展前景与潜在应用.As an important kind of energy source, radioisotope batteries are attracting more and more academic researchers and people from industry due to the high power density, long lifetime （equal to half life of the radioisotope source）, outstanding reliability, without maintenance, miniaturization and wide application compared with traditional dry batteries, chemical batteries, fuel batteries and solar batteries. Based on the optimization of functional materials and energy conversion types, radioisotope batteries have been developed for more than 15 species since the first fl battery invented by Henry Mosley in 1913. This review describes historical background and development, limitations of key techniques in radioisotope batteries. The radioisotope source loading methods and thermocouple materials of radioisotope thermoelectric generator （RTG）, the semiconductor materials and energy conversion units of radiation voltaic isotope batteries （RVIB） are analysed in detail. After an introduction of the basic principles and design requirements of radioisotope batteries, we discuss the technical proposals of different energy conversions for radioisotope batteries. Then, the most recent experimental results for several configurations and experimental set-ups of radioisotope batteries are introduced detailedly, including static thermoelectric type radioisotope batteries, radiation voltaic effect radioisotope batteries, dynamic energy transformation radioisotope batteries and piezoelectric energy transformation radioisotope batteries. The figure for PCEs （Power Conversion Efficiencies） in different radioisotope batteries from 1913 to 2015 is first demonstrated in the end, which illustrates the PCEs of RTG, RVIB are close to 10% and DIPS （Dynamic Isotope Power System） is higher than 23%. Thus, the PCEs of radioisotope batteries will increase effectively if some various high efficient energy conversion types like RTG, RTPV （Radioisotope thermophotovoltaic） and RTIGs （Radioisotope Thermionic emission Gener

关 键 词：放射性同位素电池 静态型热电式 辐射伏特效应 动态换能方式 压电换能机制 

分 类 号：TM918[电气工程—电力电子与电力传动]