不同保墒耕作措施对小麦、玉米耗水特征及周年水分利用的影响  

Effects of Different Tillage Measures Maintaining Soil Moisture on Water Consumption Characteristics and Anniversary Water Utilization for Wheat and Maize

作　　者：杨永辉[1,2] 武继承[1,2] 张洁梅[1,2] 潘晓莹[1,2] 王越[1,2] 何方[1,2] 韩伟锋[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]河南省农业科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所,河南郑州450002 [2]农业部作物高效用水原阳科学观测实验站,河南原阳453514

出　　处：《华北农学报》2017年第3期103-110,共8页Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(U1404404);河南省农业科学院优秀青年科技基金项目(2016YQ12);国家"863"计划项目(2013AA102904-2);国家科技支撑计划项目(2013BAD07B07)

摘　　要：为探明土壤结构改良与保墒耕作措施对小麦、玉米周年水分利用的作用机制。采用田间试验,研究了常规耕作、秸秆还田、保水剂、有机肥、免耕、深松、深松+秸秆覆盖等措施对小麦、玉米生长过程中的耗水特征、光合特征及周年水分利用的影响。结果表明:深松+秸秆覆盖在小麦生育期内储水量较高。从小麦播种-返青期,深松+秸秆覆盖处理的耗水量最低。而在返青-拔节期,该处理最大,而其在孕穗-抽穗期的耗水量却最低。在拔节-孕穗期,保水剂处理的耗水量最大,而在抽穗-灌浆期,其耗水量最小。在灌浆-收获期,秸秆还田和保水剂处理的耗水量较其他处理低。在玉米整个生育期内,保水剂和免耕处理的耗水量较其他处理低。不同措施改善了小麦和玉米的光合生理特征,促进了小麦、玉米产量和水分利用率的提高。各处理中,以免耕处理的小麦产量和水分生产效率最高,分布较常规耕作提高了18.3%和20.0%。以秸秆还田处理的玉米产量和水分生产效率最高,分别较常规耕作提高了21.6%和23.8%。而深松处理的小麦-玉米复合产量最高,其次为免耕处理,其分别较常规耕作处理增产14.9%和14.3%。而深松+秸秆覆盖处理和免耕处理的总水分生产效率较其他处理高,分别较常规耕作处理提高了18.5%和18.1%。说明深松和免耕处理更利于小麦、玉米周年节水增产。To ascertain the mechanisms of anniversary water usage of wheat and maize under the measures of soil structure improvement and tillage measures for soil moisture conservation,a field experiment was conducted to determine the water consumption characteristics,photosynthetic characteristics and annual water use of wheat and maize.The treatments included conventional tillage,straw returning,super absorbent polymer （SAP）,organic fertilizer,no-tillage,deep loosening and deep loosening plus straw mulching.The results showed that the soil water storage of deep loosening plus straw mulching treatment was the highest compared with other treatments in whole wheat growth period,while the water consumption of it was the lowest from sowing to re-greening stage.From re-greening to jointing stage,wheat water consumption of deep loosening plus straw mulching treatment was the highest,while it was the lowest from booting to heading.From jointing to booting stage,water consumption of SAP treatment was the highest,but from heading to filling stage,it was the lowest.From filling to harvest stage,the water consumption of straw returning and SAP treatments were significantly lower than that of conventional tillage.In the whole growth period of maize,water consumption of SAP and no-tillage treatments were lower than that of other treatments.Different measures could improve the photosynthetic characteristics and yield and water use of wheat and maize.Of all treatments,the yield and water production efficiency of wheat in no-tillage treatment was the highest,increased by 18.3% and 20.0% respectively,compared with conventional tillage treatment.While yield and water production efficiency of maize was the highest,increased by 21.6% and 23.8% respectively compared with the conventional tillage.The composite yield of wheat and maize of deep loosening treatment was the highest,followed by no-tillage treatment, increased by 14.9% and 14.3% respectively compared with conventional tillage treatment.While the total water production efficiency

关 键 词：土壤结构改良 保墒耕作 小麦 玉米 耗水特征 周年水分利用 

分 类 号：S152.7[农业科学—土壤学]