劳动力、市场与美国的志愿兵役制  

Labor,the Market,and the US All-Volunteer Force

作　　者：贝丝.贝利 田雷[2] 王丽琼[3] 王希[4,5] 

机构地区：[1]美国堪萨斯大学历史系 [2]华东师范大学法学院 [3]重庆大学人文社会科学高等研究院 [4]北京大学历史学系 [5]美国宾夕法尼亚州印第安纳大学历史系

出　　处：《美国研究》2017年第3期60-76,共17页The Chinese Journal of American Studies

摘　　要：1973年,美国终结了延续33年的征兵制,转为实行志愿兵役制。促成这场兵役制变革的原因有很多,其中最主要的一个原因是,在这场变革的设计者看来,服兵役并不是一种公民义务而应被界定为是一种劳动。在志愿兵役制的设计中,军队人员的招募要通过劳动力市场来进行。但是,20世纪70年代新兵的总体素质不断下降,征兵制的终结使陆军陷入了困境之中,而到了20世纪80年代,新兵的素质大幅度提升,陆军作为一个整体也得到了强化。这是因为陆军采用了劳动力市场的模式,对一些值得期许的新兵进行定向招募,通过提供大学学费之类的福利来吸引他们入伍。但是将服兵役定位为一种机会而不是一种义务,则从根本上造成了在福利的供给和可能发生的战争需求这两者之间出现一种紧张关系。不仅如此,这种体制用市场的逻辑替代了公民义务的逻辑,也就解除了美国公民应该履行的基本义务:关切国家以公民之名义所做的事情,以及他们作为公民应该行动起来,或支持或反对美国的军事行动。In 1973,the United States ended its 33 year reliance on military conscription and moved to an All Volunteer Force( AVF). While there were multiple reasons for this shift,many of those who designed the transition rejected the idea that military 'service'was an obligation of citizenship,insisting that it should instead be defined as labour. In this design,military ranks would be filled,like other forms of employment,through the labour market. The Army turned,by necessity,to the market,and in often creative ways. But the loss of the draft was difficult for the Army. In the wake of the war in Vietnam,an institution that was wracked by internal crisis and held in poor public esteem needed to recruit between thirty and forty thousand people each month. Army leaders undertook internal reforms and commissioned high profile advertising campaigns. Relying on the labour market,the Army discovered that 'some of [its]best men were women,'and that African Americans( who suffered in the civilian labor market) were more likely to enlist than white Americans. But the overall 'quality'of recruits declined throughout the 1970 s and—as geopolitical tensions escalated in1979—leaders saw an Army in crisis. That was due in part to increasing distance from the Vietnam war,to the rising patriotism in Reagan's America,and to the Army's reduction in targeted end strength. But it was also because the Army,using a labour market model,targeted desirable recruits with benefits,such as college tuition,meant to attract them. But the turn to the market,the repositioning of military service as an opportunity rather than an obligation,created a fundamental tension between the offer of benefits and the possible demands of war. Furthermore,by replacing the logic of citizen's obligation with that of the market and defining soldiering as employment,the system excuses citizens from their basic obligation to pay attention to what is done in their name and of acting,as citizens,whether to support or to prevent US military actions.

关 键 词：美国军事与外交 志愿兵役制 征兵制 劳动力市场 

分 类 号：E712[军事—军事理论]