典型种养结合奶牛场粪便养分管理模式  

Manure nutrient management mode in typical mixed crop-dairy farm

作　　者：贾伟[1] 朱志平[1] 陈永杏[1] 董红敏[1] 陶秀萍[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所农业部畜牧环境设施设备质量监督检验测试中心(北京)农业部设施农业节能与废弃物处理重点实验室,北京100081

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2017年第12期209-217,共9页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：公益性行业科研专项(201303091);农业部948项目(畜禽粪便综合养分管理计划软件引进)

摘　　要：规模化奶牛场粪便养分产生量大,因种养分离引发严重环境污染,亟需建立粪便综合养分管理模式,以实现奶牛粪便养分的合理施用。该文以典型种养结合模式"固液分离—堆肥+氧化塘—农田利用"的奶牛养殖场为案例,通过实地调研、粪便及土壤样品采样测定、以及文献参数收集等研究方法,制定了奶牛场粪便综合养分管理模式。主要结果为该存栏量2 978头的奶牛场粪便氮、磷年产生量为204和33 t/a,粪便经过收集和处理后,可供农田利用的氮磷养分为126和27 t/a。基于作物养分需求量和土壤供肥量,以及粪肥投入占总养分的比例为50%和粪肥养分的当季利用率为30%,据估算,1 473 hm^2奶牛场配套农田可施用的粪肥氮、磷养分总量分别为727.6和131.2 t/a。因此,奶牛场配套农田可有效承载粪便氮磷养分供给量。实施粪便综合养分管理模式,可充分利用粪便养分资源用于作物生长,减少粪便养分直接排放到环境,从而确保种养结合模式奶牛场长期可持续生产。Intensive dairy farms have developed rapidly in China over the last three decades, which have produced a lot of manure nutrients. However, due to the decoupling of crop-animal systems and poor manure management, large loss of nutrients from manure has led to serious environmental pollution. There is an urgent need to define an integrated manure management plan, which requires a quantitative understanding of nutrient balance and budget in a mixed crop-animal system. In this study, we reported a typical manure processing model so called ＂solid-liquid separation - compost＋oxidation pond - manure application＂ from a dairy farm, and developed a comprehensive manure nutrient management plan using the data collection from farm investigation, soil, solid and liquid manure sampling and parameters collection from literatures. The results showed that dairy excretion N and P were 204 and 33 t/a with the breeding stock number of 2 978 dairy cattle, respectively. After manure collection and processing, the N and P amounts of manure nutrients were 126 and 27 t/a, which could be available for crop use. Manure management of lactating dairy cattle and young dairy cattle were different, therefore the amount of their manure nutrients supply were quantified, respectively. The collection rate of manure N and P nutrient was 131 and 23 t/a in the lactating dairy cattle house, respectively. The manure from flood flushing system was treated by solid-liquid separation; therein the solid part of manure after solid-liquid separation could be composted as organic fertilizer applied to the field. At the same time, the liquid part could be treated by the oxidation pond as liquid manure to be returned to the field. The rate of manure N and P nutrient from lactating dairy cattle house was eventually 107 and 22 t/a, respectively. The young dairy cattle was mainly raised outdoor. Most of urine would be leaked and evaporated on the non-concrete ground, and the solid feces were collected regularly on a dry manure basis. Therefore, the amounts o

关 键 词：粪便 肥料 养分 粪肥养分供应量 作物养分需求量 

分 类 号：S141.3[农业科学—肥料学] S823[农业科学—农业基础科学]