耕作方式和氮肥水平对旱地冬小麦籽粒品质的影响  

Effect of Tillage Model and Nitrogen Rate on Grain Quality of Dryland Winter Wheat

作　　者：张礼军[1] 张耀辉[2] 鲁清林[1] 白玉龙[1] 周刚[1] 汪恒兴 张文涛[1] 白斌[1] 周洁[1] 何春雨[1] ZHANG Lijun ZHANG Yaohui LU Qinglin BAI Yulong ZHOU Gang WANG Hengxing ZHANG Wentao BAI Bin ZHOU Jie HE Chunyu(Wheat Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070 Tianshui Institute of Agricultural Science, Tianshui, Gansu 741001 Tianshui Agricultural School, Qingshui, Gansu 741400)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省农业科学院小麦研究所,甘肃兰州730070 [2]天水市农业科学研究所,甘肃天水741001 [3]天水市农业学校,甘肃清水741400

出　　处：《核农学报》2017年第8期1567-1575,共9页Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31360313);甘肃省自然基金项目(130RJz A185);国家小麦产业技术体系甘肃综合试验站(CARS-03)

摘　　要：为研究不同耕作方式和氮肥水平对旱地冬小麦籽粒品质的影响,选择常规耕作(CT)、秸秆还田(CTI)、全膜覆土穴播(PM)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种耕作方式和75(N1)、150(N2)、225(N3)、300 kg·hm^(-2)(N4)4个氮肥水平,在典型的西北旱作雨养农业区甘肃省农业科学院小麦研究所清水试验站设计大田试验。结果表明,耕作方式和氮肥水平对小麦蛋白质及其组分含量、湿面筋、面团稳定时间、籽粒产量均有显著或极显著影响。与CT相比,PM显著提高了谷蛋白含量和谷醇比,延长了面团稳定时间,有利于加工品质的改善;而NTS的蛋白质总量、湿面筋、球蛋白、麦谷蛋白、谷醇比均显著低于CT。施氮显著提高了籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋、蛋白质各组分含量,增加了面团延伸性和吸水率。与N1相比,N4冬小麦的醇溶蛋白、麦谷蛋白、球蛋白、清蛋白分别增加了56.38%、27.60%、20.87%、17.03%;在4种蛋白组分中,施氮更有利于醇溶蛋白的累积,因此过量的氮肥应用显著降低了谷醇比、缩短了面团稳定时间和最大拉伸比值。同一氮肥水平下,不同耕作方式处理的小麦籽粒平均产量依次为PM>CTI>CT>NTS,PM下的平均产量为6 259.63 kg·hm^(-2),比CTI、CT、NTS分别高6.24%、10.54%和20.95%。同一耕作方式下,不同氮肥水平处理的小麦籽粒平均产量依次为N2>N3>N4>N1,其中N2下小麦籽粒平均产量达到6 184.64 kg·hm^(-2),比N3、N4、N1分别高5.78%、7.31%、19.06%。综上可知,在甘肃半干旱雨养农业区实施全膜覆土穴播栽培模式,并增施150 kg·hm^(-2)氮肥,既能大幅度增加小麦籽粒产量,也有利于加工品质的改善,是该地区小麦生产实现高产和优产的最佳耕作和供氮模式。本研究结果为甘肃旱作雨养农业区冬小麦的高产、优质栽培提供了理论参考。To investigate effects of tillage model and nitrogen rate on grain quality of dryland winter wheat,field experiments were carried out in the Qingshui Experimental Station of the Wheat Research Institute,Gansu Academy of Agricultural Science,which is located in the typical dryland rainfall farming area,selecting 4 soil tillage models（ conventional tillage,CT. Conventional tillage with straw integrated in soil,CTI. No tillage with straw mulching,NTS.Conventional tillage with plastics mulching,PM） and 4 nitrogen rates（ 75 kg·hm^-2,N1. 150 kg·hm^-2N2. 225kg·hm^-2,N3. 300 kg·hm^-2,N4）. The result showed that tillage model and nitrogen rate have significant effects on grain yield,protein content,protein components,wet gluten and dough stability time. Compared to CT,PM availed to improve the processing quality by significantly increasing the grain protein content,Glu/Gli and dough stability time.Conversely,the values in protein content,wet gluten,globulin,glutenin and Glu/Gli observed under no tillage with straw mulching（ NTS）,were much lower than under CT. Nitrogen application significantly increased protein content,wet gluten,protein components,as well as dough extensibility and water absorption. Compared with N1,the content of gliadin,glutenin,globulin and albumin under N4 were increased by 56. 38%,27. 60%,20. 87% and 17. 03%,respectively. Among the four types of protein components,nitrogen application was most benefical to accumulate of gliadin,hence excessive nitrogen application decreased Glu/Gli,dough stability time and R/E. Under the same nitrogen rate,the average grain yield under the various tillage methods followed the order of PM〉CTI〉CT〉NTS,and the grain yield under PM amounted to 6259. 63 kg·hm^-2 which was higher by 6. 24%,10. 54%,20. 95% than those of CTI,CT and NTS,respectively. Under the same tillage model,the average grain yield under the various nitrogen rates were accorded with the order of N2〉N3〉N4〉N1,and the grain yield under N2 amounted to 6184. 64 kg·hm^-2which was h

关 键 词：耕作方式 氮肥水平 旱地 冬小麦 籽粒品质 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]