施氮时期对黄淮海平原夏玉米茎秆发育及倒伏的影响  

Effects of Nitrogen Application Times on Stem Traits and Lodging of Summer Maize(Zea mays L.) in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain

作　　者：边大红[1] 刘梦星[1] 牛海峰[1] 魏钟博 杜雄[1] 崔彦宏[1] BIAN DaHong LIU MengXing NIU HaiFeng WEI ZhongBo DU Xiong CUI YanHong(College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province Baoding 071001, Hebei)

机构地区：[1]河北农业大学农学院/河北省作物生长调控重点实验室,河北保定071001

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2017年第12期2294-2304,共11页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家粮食丰产科技工程课题(2013BAD07B05);河北省玉米产业技术体系(HBCT2013020206)

摘　　要：【目的】针对黄淮海平原区夏玉米倒伏严重的问题,探讨不同施氮时期对夏玉米茎秆发育及倒伏情况的影响,以期为黄淮海平原区高产夏玉米氮素管理、提高夏玉米植株抗茎倒伏能力提供理论依据。【方法】以不同植株形态的玉米品种先玉335(XY,高秆低穗位型)、浚单20(XD,中秆高穗位型)和京单28(JD,中秆低穗位型)为试验材料,每个品种设种肥(N1)、苗肥(N2)、拔节肥(N3)、大喇叭口肥(N4)和抽雄肥(N5)5个施氮时期处理,以不施氮肥(N0)为对照,研究施氮时期对夏玉米茎秆形态学、解剖学和机械力学特征以及田间倒伏率的影响。【结果】施氮时期对夏玉米茎秆形态学、解剖学及机械力学特征均有显著影响(P<0.05)。N1、N2、N3处理能明显促进夏玉米茎秆发育,植株重心、穗高系数、基部第3节间长与粗、硬皮组织厚度、表皮层厚度及大小维管束数目、节间抗折力、硬皮穿刺强度和植株抗拉力均显著大于N0处理;其中,N1、N2处理夏玉米基部第3节间长粗比值显著小于N0处理,N3处理则表现出略大于N0趋势;田间倒伏率表现为N1、N2显著低于N0和其他施氮处理,N3略大于N0处理;N4处理下,夏玉米植株穗高系数、基部第3节间长与N0无明显差异,节间粗、各项解剖学及力学指标显著高于N0,节间长粗比值表现为略低于N0处理,田间倒伏率较N0显著降低;N5处理对夏玉米茎秆发育无明显影响,节间各项形态学、解剖学和力学特征与N0差异不显著,田间倒伏率随着夏玉米植株重心和穗高系数的显著降低而明显低于N0处理。从产量及产量构成因素来看,各施氮处理夏玉米穗粒数、粒重及产量均显著大于N0处理(P<0.05),其中,N3、N4处理穗粒数和粒重均处于较高水平,增产幅度最大;N1、N2处理穗粒数最多,但粒重较低,增产幅度低于N3、N4处理;N5处理虽然粒重最高,但穗粒数较其他施氮处理显著降低,最终增产幅度不[Objective] Stem lodging is an important adversity affecting summer maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai China Plain under current husbandry practices, and may limit progress towards the achievement of higher yields via increased plant population density. For this problem, the influence of nitrogen application time on the stem development and lodging property of summer maize was studied under field conditions for two successive years. The aim of the experiment is to provide a scientific basis for the nitrogen management of summer maize under high-yielding conditions to improve the stem lodging-resistance capability in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. [ Method] The experiment was conducted with three different morphological characteristics hybrids and six nitrogen application times from 2011 to 2012. The hybrids were Xianyu335 with higher plant height and lower ear height （hereafter refers to as a XY）, Xundan20 with medium plant height and higher ear height （hereafter refers to as a XD） and Jingdan28 with medium plant height and lower ear height （hereafter refers to as a JD）. The nitrogen application times included seed manure （N1）, seedling fertilizer （N2）, jointing fertilizer （N3）, big-bell stage fertilizer （N4）, tasseling stage fertilizer （N5）, and no nitrogen treatment （NO） as the control. [Result] The results showed that nitrogen application time had significant impacts on the morphological, anatomical and mechanical characteristics of summer maize stem （P〈0.05）. N1, N2 and N3 treatments promoted the stem growth which the ear height coefficient and center gravity of plant, diameter, stem wall thickness, cortex thickness, big vascular bundles number and small vascular bundles number, stalk lateral breaking strength and stalk rind penetration strength of the third internodes and bending strength of plant were significantly higher than NO. The ratio of the length to diameter of the third intemodes and the field lodging rate significantly reduced in N1 and N2, while slightly increased in

关 键 词：夏玉米 施氮时期 茎秆发育 倒伏 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]