民法典编纂视野下民事主体与商事主体的衔接  

The Connection with Civil and Commercial subjects from the View of Compilation of Civil Code

作　　者：葛伟军[1] Ge Weijun(School of Law, Shanghai University of Finance ＆ Economics, Shanghai 200433, Chin)

机构地区：[1]上海财经大学法学院,上海200433

出　　处：《上海财经大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2017年第4期118-128,共11页Journal of Shanghai University of Finance and Economics

摘　　要：商事主体首先是民事主体,因其进入营业领域而转变为商事主体,因此我国企业营业执照应当抛弃统一主义,转而采纳分离主义。该观点虽然具有一定合理性,与民事主体的理论体系相契合,但是忽视了商法的特殊性以及商事主体本身设立的目的。商事主体应当独立于民事主体。当商事主体取得主体资格证明时,即已获得一般经营资格,可以开展营业,法律另有规定或者特定行业许可另有要求除外。对于法人的分类,新颁布的民法总则采纳了营利和非营利法人的划分模式,是对传统做法的承继和发展。无论形式上还是内容上,公司法对民法总则关于法人部分的影响甚大。商事主体的分类,与民法总则关于民事主体的分类,无法完全重合。民法总则与公司法之间,有些术语或措辞的表述有所差异。有些地方,公司法规定得比较全面,而民法总则进行了筛选,规定的范围更为狭窄。有些术语,则为民法总则首次提出,是对公司法规定的提炼和升华。两个法律的规定或表述,如果产生冲突,会产生法律适用和法律解释上的问题。Commercial subject is first a kind of civil subject, and becomes commercial subject by virtue of entering the business field. Therefore, it suggests that the reform shall be taken on the enterprises＇ business license, abandoning the unionism mode and adopting the separatism mode. Such view has the rationality to some- extent, matching the theoretical system of civil subject. However, it neglects the specificity of commercial law and the purpose of creating the commercial subject. The commercial subject shall be independent of the civil subject. When the commercial subject obtains the certificate of subject qualification, it gains the general business qualification and may carry out its business, unless the law or special industry requires separately. As for the classification of legal persons, the newly-enacted General Rules of Civil Law （General Rules） divides the legal persons into for-profit and non-for-profit, inheriting and developing the conventional practice. Whether in form or in content, Company Law has a large impact on legal persons within General Rules. The classification of commercial subject is not able to perfectly match the classification of civil subject within General Rules. The expressions of certain terms or words have some differences between General Rules and Company Law. In some places, regulations in Company Law are wider than General Rules, while the regulations in General Rules are restrictively selected. Some terms are first provided in General Rules, refining and sublimating of the regulations in Company law. Where there are conflicts between these two laws, the issues of legal application and interpretation will apply.

关 键 词：民法总则 公司法 民事主体 商事主体 营利法人 

分 类 号：D923.1[政治法律—民商法学]