思想对客观性的三种态度:康德、黑格尔与马克思——关于哲学如何切中现实的一个考察  

Three Ways of Thinking about Objectivity:Kant,Hegel,and Marx——An Investigation into How Philosophy Cuts into Reality

作　　者：王南湜[1] 

机构地区：[1]南开大学哲学院

出　　处：《哲学研究》2017年第7期11-21,共11页Philosophical Research

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目"马克思主义哲学与中国古典哲学的比较与汇通研究"(编号16ZD097)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：在思想对客观性的态度问题上,最为实质性地显示出了康德、黑格尔和马克思哲学的根本性差异,从而亦由之显示出了三种哲学在如何切中现实或切中何种现实问题上的根本性差异。就对于现代世界之科学、自律性道德生活与民族历史传统三项基本现实来说,康德哲学较好地说明了近代科学与自律性道德生活之现实,但非历史地将这种存在着严重内在冲突的社会视作"自然"性的存在,而看不到超越这一社会的可能性;黑格尔哲学虽然较好地切中了民族历史传统之现实,但也将以普鲁士主导的"日耳曼世界"当作其"绝对精神"发展终极目标;而马克思哲学则综合了两者,全面地切中了这三项基本现实。正是由于这一全面切中,马克思哲学才能够不仅合理地说明了现代社会的发生发展,而且更重要的是针对其根本问题而提出了超越这一社会生活方式的合理的解决方案,并对现代世界历史产生了决定性的影响。Their ways of thinking about objectivity substantially show the fundamental differences among the Kantian,Hegelian,and Marxian philosophies;how these three philosophies'cut into'reality;and what kind of reality should be cut into.Of the three kinds of basic realities in the modern world—namely science,autonomic moral life,and national historical traditions—Kantian philosophy illustrates the realities of modern science and autonomic moral life but ahistorically regards a society with serious internal conflicts as'natural,'and does not see the possibility of transcending such a society.Hegelian philosophy better cuts into the reality of national historical traditions but regards the Prussia-led'Germanic world'as the ultimate goal of development’s'absolute spirit.'Marxian philosophy meanwhile synthesizes the first two,comprehensively cutting into the three said realities.It is precisely because of this that Marxian philosophy can not only reasonably explain the occurrence and development of modern society,but more importantly can put forward a reasonable solution for transcending this social way of living and its fundamental problems,and thus has had a decisive influence on the history of the modern world.

关 键 词：思想 客观性 现实 马克思哲学 德国古典哲学 

分 类 号：B036[哲学宗教—哲学理论]