雅典人是如何打伯罗奔尼撒战争的?——“伯里克利战略”研究的回顾与思考  

How did the Athenians Fight the Peloponnesian War?——The Retrospection of the Researches on Periclean Strategy

作　　者：何元国[1] 

机构地区：[1]武汉大学历史学院,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《安徽史学》2017年第4期5-16,共12页Historical Research In Anhui

基　　金：2015年度教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目"‘修昔底德陷阱’与公元前5世纪希腊国际关系研究"(15YJA770005)的阶段性研究成果

摘　　要：按照修昔底德的说法,"伯里克利战略"是伯罗奔尼撒战争初期由伯里克利建议的、雅典城邦采纳的战争策略。其要点是,避免陆上决战,掌控盟邦,战时不要扩张势力,不要采取危险行动;做到这些,雅典将轻松赢得胜利。19世纪末以来,西方学者的研究表明,真实的"伯里克利战略"与修昔底德表述的"伯里克利战略"存在很大的差异:沿海袭扰战术带有很强的攻击性,雅典的财政经得起较长时间的消耗战,拿下墨伽拉是雅典战略中的重要一环,阿提卡有骑兵和要塞的保护,波斯的金钱资助弥补了斯巴达的弱点,得摩斯忒涅斯的战略更能奏效。总之,伯里克利的战略总体上是防御性的,但具有相当的进攻性,属于积极防御的战略。修昔底德的认识出现偏差有多种原因。未来的研究要继续选取新视角,并从作者的观点(体现于其评论、分析和拟定的演说词)与其所记史料相互抵牾之处着手。“Periclean Strategy” is the war strategy advised by Pericles and adopted by Athens during the early years of the Peloponnesian War. Its main points are：to avoid decisive land battle, to control Athens’ allies,not to expand her empire during the war,to do nothing dangerous to Athens ’ safety. Adhere to these, Athens will win through easily. The western academic re-searches since the end of 19th century show,the real aPericlean Strategy^ is not consistent with the one Thucydides presents in many aspects：the seaborne raids are very offensive, the Athenian finance can endure an exhaustive war for a long time,to cap-ture Megara is an important step of the Athenian strategy, Attica is planned to be protected by cavalry and ports, Persian money can overcome the weakness of the Spartan strategy, Demosthenes ’ strategy is an alternative one for Athens. In one word, this strategy is generally defensive,but with considerable offensiveness,thus is a positive defensive one. There are many causes for Thucydides, partial understanding. The future research should open new perspectives, and start from the contradictions between his opinions,which reflect in his comments, analyses and speeches,and what he records as facts.

关 键 词：“伯里克利战略” 修昔底德 《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》 伯罗奔尼撒战争 

分 类 号：K125[历史地理—历史学]