合族共漕:清代地方基层的一种漕务应对实态  

The Whole Clan in the Face of Ts'ao-yun Together:One of the Local Grassroots Ts'ao-yun Services to Cope with the Real State in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：吴琦[1] 曾过生[1] WU Qi ZENG Guo-sheng(Institute of History and Culture, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Chin)

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学历史文化学院,湖北武汉430079

出　　处：《北京联合大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2017年第3期67-73,91,共8页Journal of Beijing Union University(Humanities and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目"清代漕运对于区域社会环境影响的实证研究"(项目编号:14AZS012)

摘　　要：漕制,在传统社会当中是为历朝统治者所重视的一项重要国家制度,尤以明清两朝为盛。明末,漕运引发了许多社会问题,诸如摊派、腐败等。清代所延续的明代一条鞭法赋税制度实际是整合了明末各种摊派后的结果,给基层民众所带来的负担颇为繁重,作为"天庾正赋"的漕赋则更加如是。清代基层社会民众对于漕务的主要应对实态大致可分为三种:一是积极完漕;二是极端抗漕;三是消极拖逃。近年学界对于抗漕与漕粮拖逃的样态关注相对较多,因为碰撞冲突能够较为直观地呈现社会结构的动态。而对于地方基层多数民众如何完漕及其影响则关注相对较少。事实上,合族共漕可以说是清代地方基层社会的主要漕务应对实态,其主要包含两个层面的样态:一是通族共漕,即能以一族之力应对;二是联族共漕,即多族联合应对。基层社会正是通过这种灵活多变的形式得以突破困境进而求得发展,同时也在较长时期内维护了地方基层乃至整个王朝社会的稳定。The system of Ts＇ao-yun was an important state system for which rulers of the traditional society had paid much attention to, especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties. In the late Ming dynasty, Ts＇ao-yun caused a lot of social problems, such as apportionment, corruption, etc. The continuation of the actual tax system of a whip method in the Ming Dynasty after the Qing Dynasty is the result of the integration of all sorts of apportion after the Ming dynasty. It＇s a quite heavy burden to the grassroots. The attitude of the grass-root society in the Qing Dynasty toward Ts＇ao-yun services can be roughly divided into three types： active acceptation; extreme resistance; passive procrastination and escape. In recent years, academic attention has been paid to the resistance to Ts＇ao- yun status and to its passive procrastination and escape, because conflicts can visually present the dynamics of social structure. And less attention has been paid to the active acceptation of Ts＇ao-yun services for the most people at the grass-root level. In fact, the whole clan in the face of Ts＇ao-yun together is the main manner about local-grassroot social affairs dealing with solid state, and its form mainly includes two aspects： one is the power of one response; the second is more joint responses. It is through this kind of flexible grass-root society that they were able to break through in the form of plight and seek development, but also it is a long period of time to maintain the stability of the local grassroots and even the whole society.

关 键 词：宗族 漕务 共漕 应对实态 基层社会 

分 类 号：D691.9[政治法律—政治学]