论海事赔偿请求限制性与非限制性之识别  

Determination of Limitation or Non-Limitation of Maritime Claims

作　　者：余晓汉[1] 

机构地区：[1]武汉大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2017年第4期179-192,共14页Global Law Review

摘　　要：我国《海商法》第十一章借鉴吸收1976年《海事索赔责任限制公约》,规定了海事赔偿责任限制制度。从整体把握国内法和国际条约的解释规则出发,通过分析相关海事司法解释和典型案例所体现的法律解释方法可见,尽管不排除在未来司法实践中采用其他法律解释方法的可能,但为保障海事法律适用的稳定性、可预期性和国际趋同性,海事赔偿请求限制性与非限制性的认定应当坚持以立法者目的解释和文义解释为主,并进行合乎逻辑的论证说理。鉴于该公约第2条第1款规定的限制性海事赔偿请求a、c项与d、e项在文义上存在重叠,认定有关海事赔偿请求的限制性与非限制性更应重视考察立法目的。我国现阶段可进一步确立两项规则:第一,1976年《海事索赔责任限制公约》与我国《海商法》对相关公共利益的保护具有有限性和层次性,司法实践还强调法律关系的相对性,并非凡是涉及公共利益的海事赔偿请求均为非限制性。第二,某项海事赔偿请求若在文义上可归于《海商法》所保留的该公约第2条第1款d、e项的范围,尽管也可归于该条款a、c项的范围,仍应认定为非限制性海事赔偿请求;若在文义上不能归于第2条第1款d、e项,而可纳入该条款a、c项的范围,则应认定为限制性海事赔偿请求。By taking 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims as a source of reference, the Chinese Maritime Law provides for a system in its chapter 11 similar to that established in the Convention. Through the analysis of the methods of legal interpretation reflected in the relevant maritime judicial interpretations and maritime cases according to the rules of interpretation of international conventions and domestic laws, this paper points out that it is necessary to determine whether or not certain claims should be subject to limitation mainly by ways of interpretation of legislative purpose, literal interpretation, and logical reasoning, so as to ensure the certainty, predictability and international convergence of the application of mar- itime laws, although the likelihood of adopting other methods of legal interpretation in the future judicial practices cannot be ruled out. Meanwhile, in view of some overlaps in the literary con- tent between claims （a） and （c） and claims （d） and （e） of Article 2 Paragraph 1 of the Con- vention, the legislative purpose should be paid much more attention to. Therefore, at the pres- ent stage, the rules may be established in China through the following two steps： firstly, to en- sure that the Convention and the Chinese Maritime Law protect the relevant public interests within the defined scope and at different levels and to emphasize the relativity of legal relations in judicial practices, so that not all the maritime claims involving public interests are always ex- empted from the limitation. Secondly, if a maritime claim falls into the scope of claims （d） and （e） of Article 2 Paragraph 1 of the Convention, to which the Chinese Maritime Law has made reservation, it shall be still deemed as a claim exempted from limitation even if it also belongs to the scope of claims （a） and （e） of the same Article; if a maritime claim doesn＇ t fall into the scope of claims （d） and （e） of Article 2 Paragraph 1 of the Convention, but be

关 键 词：海事赔偿请求 责任限制 限制性 非限制性 法律解释方法 

分 类 号：D922.294[政治法律—经济法学]