道德是人类独有的吗——F.德瓦尔论动物与人类道德的连续性和人类道德的特点  

Is Morality Unique to Human——Frans De Waal's Views on the Moral Continuity Between Animals and Human

作　　者：赵芊里[1] ZHAO Qian - li(Department of Sociology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学社会学系,杭州310058

出　　处：《科学技术哲学研究》2017年第4期53-58,共6页Studies in Philosophy of Science and Technology

基　　金：浙江省教育厅资助科研项目(Y201223241)

摘　　要：F.德瓦尔的道德演化论观点主要有:道德是涉他行为的利害性与公平性及应然准则。许多非人动物也有道德,道德并非人类所独有。道德有三个层次:第一层次的利他与求公平是基于同情与互报演化出来的,第二层次的社群关怀是基于社会压力演化出来的,第三层次的平等对待众生的普遍性道德是发达的理性追求道德普适性与公正性的结果。道德及其心理和社会基础在动物界是连续渐变的,前两个层次的道德具有圈内偏向性。人类道德的前两个层次与非人动物的道德是同质异量的关系,但其第三个层次具有普遍公正性之新质。德瓦尔的道德观和道德连续论是相当合理的,但以普遍公正性为人类道德的独特性只有有限的合理性。Frans de Waal＇ s main views of moral evolutionism can be generalized as follows ： Morality is the helpfulness and harmfulness or the fairness and unfairness of the behaviors involving others and the norms of such behaviors. There are two basic forms of moral behaviors： altruism and seeking for fairness. Morality exists also in many nonhuman animals, and it＇ s not unique to human. There are three levels of morality ： On the first level is the one-on-one morality, i.e. altruism and seeking for fairness within a community, which evolves out of empathy and reci-procity. On the second level is the morality between individuals and their communities, i.e. community-concern, which evolvesd out of social pressure. On the third level is the universal morality treating all species, groups and individuals equally, which results from the fact that developed reason transforms the former two levels of morality with biases into a universally impartial one. In the animal kingdom, morality and its psychological and social bases are continually and gradually changed. The former two levels of human morality are homogeneous with that of non-human animals, but they differ in degree. The third level of human morality has a new character, that is, the universal impartiality. De Waal＇ s view on the essence of morality and his theory of moral continuity is quite reasonable, but his view that the third level of morality is unique to humans does not relate well with the facts, and conflicts with his own theory of moral continuity. Morality generally has a bias based on the degrees of kinship or affinity. It is only partly rational within a certain range and to a certain extent to take the universal impartiality as the distinctiveness of human morality.

关 键 词：道德 演化 动物 人类 连续性 情感 理性 偏向性 公正性 

分 类 号：N031[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]