不同株距和缓释氮肥配施量下机插杂交稻的产量及光合特性  

Yield and photosynthetic characteristics of mechanical-transplanted rice under different slow-release nitrogen fertilizer rates and plant population

作　　者：王海月[1] 殷尧翥 孙永健[1] 李应洪[1] 杨志远[1] 严奉君[1] 张绍文[1] 郭长春[1] 马均[1] WANG Hai-yue YIN Yao-zhu SUN Yong-jian LI Ying-hong YANG Zhi-yuan YAN Feng-jun ZHANG Shao-wen GUO Chang-chun MA Jun(Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Cultivation in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China)

机构地区：[1]四川农业大学水稻研究所/农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,成都611130

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2017年第4期843-855,共13页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划"粮食丰产增效科技创新"重点专项(2016YFD0300506);国家科技支撑计划项目(2013BAD07B13);四川省教育厅重点项目(16ZA0044)资助

摘　　要：【目的】温江地区高产水稻的推荐施氮量为180 kg/hm^2,以此为基础,机插稻缓释氮肥与常规尿素适宜配比为7∶3基础上,进一步研究密度和缓释氮肥配施量对机插稻分蘖特性、干物质积累量、光合物质生产特性、群体生长率及产量的影响。【方法】采用二因素裂区设计进行了机插杂交稻田间试验。在行距为30 cm下,设3种株距处理为16 cm、18 cm、20 cm;在尿素氮施用量54 kg/hm^2下,设4个缓释氮用量为36、66、96和126kg/hm^2,总施氮量相应为90、120、150和180 kg/hm^2。在插秧时缓释肥与尿素混合,一次性追施。调查了主要生育期水稻生长和氮素吸收运移量。【结果】缓释氮肥配施量和株距对主要生育期的水稻干物质积累量、光合特性及产量均存在显著或极显著的调控效应,且互作效应显著;缓释氮肥配施量的效应明显高于株距。在机插行距30 cm下,株距为18 cm,总施氮量为150和180 kg/hm^2时,可有效提高叶面积指数(LAI)、单茎茎鞘与叶片干物重,叶面积衰减慢,拔节至齐穗期光合势大,群体生长率高,光合特性强,促进干物质累积,在足够穗数的基础上,显著增加了穗粒数,提高了群体颖花量,保持了稳定的结实率和千粒重,从而显著提高机插稻产量。株距为16 cm,施氮量为150 kg/hm^2时,水稻群体茎蘖数增长快,拔节后群体茎蘖数缓慢消减,有效穗数足,虽穗粒数显著降低,但有较高的结实率和千粒重,从而协调出较高的产量。而株距为20 cm,配施总氮量为180 kg/hm^2处理,在保证有效穗数的基础上,促壮秆和攻大穗,增加了穗粒数,干物质积累量多,灌浆充实量大,千粒重增加。相关性分析表明,株距与缓释氮肥配施量耦合下,尤其以拔节至齐穗期光合势、齐穗期高效LAI与产量相关性较高(r=0.87**~0.91**),对促进增产更为重要。【结论】在机插行距30 cm下,株距为18 cm,缓释氮肥(96 kg/hm^2)与常规尿素(54 kg/hm^2)配施�[ Objectives ] The recommended nitrogen （N） application rate for high rice yield in Wenjiang area of Sichuan Province of China is 180 kg/hm2, in which 70% of N is from controlled release fertilizer and 30% from commercial urea. The plant population, slow-release N fertilizer addition rate and the total N input were optimized for mechanical transplanted rice production in this paper. [ Methods ] A split plot field experiment was conducted using mechanical transplanted hybrid rice as material in Wenjiang area, Sichuan Province. Keeping the row space of 30 cm, three plant spaces of 16 cm, 18 cm and 20 cm were set up. Under the urea N application rate of 54 kg/hm2, four slow-release fertilizer N rates of 36, 66, 96 and 126 kg/hm2 were added and the corresponding total N input were 90, 120, 150 and 180 kg/hm2. All the nitrogen fertilizer was side top-dressed in once at the same time of transplanting. The photosynthetic indices and growing index of rice were measured at the main growing stages. [ Results ] The total N input and the plant spacing showed significant or extreme significant regulating effect on the biomass accumulation, photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of mechanical transplanted rice in the main growing stages, and their interaction effect was significant as well. The regulating effect of controlled release fertilizer was more significant than that of plant population. In the planting space of 18 cm and the total N input of 150 and 180 kg/hm2, the LAI, the culm and sheath weight per shoot and the leaf weight were increased significantly, and the decrease rate of leaf area was slowed down, and the high photosynthetic potential and high growth rate were kept longer, and the dry matter accumulation during jointing-full heading stage was enhanced as a result. The above two treatments significantly increased the spikelet number, helped maintaining a stable seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight, brought significant improvement of grain yield. When the plant space was 16 cm and the total N inp

关 键 词：机插稻 株距 缓释氮肥用量 产量 光合物质生产 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]