集体经济组织法人的历史变迁与法律结构  

Historical Changes and Legal Structure of Collective Economic Organizations as Legal Persons

作　　者：李永军[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学

出　　处：《比较法研究》2017年第4期35-52,共18页Journal of Comparative Law

摘　　要：中国为什么会出现集体经济组织并且划分为乡镇集体经济组织和农村集体经济组织?其在中国目前的实际存在形式是什么?一直是看上去熟悉但实际上很陌生的问题,必须通过历史和实证的考察才能够说清楚。新中国建立后,将土地和其他生产资料分给农民,兑现了对农民的承诺。但是,自1956年开始的改革运动,又重新让农民失去了土地和其他生产资料的所有权。尤其是在农村成立人民公社以后(1958年8月以后),最终确定了所谓"三级所有、队为基础"的土地和生产资料所有模式和经济生产模式,而这种经济结构形式是形成今天农村集体经济组织的基础,也是我们分析和理解我国民法上所有农村集体经济组织形式的起点。但由于我国1984年以后恢复乡镇建制并实行"政社分离"后,原来的人民公社、生产大队和生产小队将"行政职能"与"土地所有和财产权"角色分离,再加上各地做法不同,使得"集体所有"的主体显得非常混乱。因此,由于对历史和中国集体经济组织实际运行的观察视角不同,对于农村土地和生产资料的所有者为何的问题,就存在"集体成员共有"、"总有"、"集体组织所有"等不同观点。本文认为:必须尊重历史,农村土地和其他财产实际上是归属集体经济组织所有,而不是成员共有。但集体组织的成员不是公司法意义上的"股东"(他们绝大多数都不是集体经济组织的最初的投资者),他们没有"股份",即使离开也不存在转让的问题。此次《民法总则》将集体经济组织规定为法人,对于确定其财产归属并保护其财产利益十分有益。Why does China have a concept of collective economic organization which are divided into rural collective economic organization and township collective economic organization？ At present, what is the actual form of it？ This question, which always looks familiar but actually very strange, can be explained clearly only through a historical and empirical investigation. After the establishment of the PRC, the new government distributed land and other means of production to farmers, realizing its prom- ise to farmers. However, since the reform movement beginning from 1956, the farmers lost their land and other means of production ownership again, especially after the founding of the People＇ s Commune in the countryside （ since August 1958 ）, which eventually established the so - called ＂Owned by Three Levels, Based on Each Team＂ form of ownership and economic production models of land and means of production. This form of economic structure is not only the basis of today＇ s rural collective economic organization, but also the starting point from which we analyze and understand all forms of rural collec- tive economic organization in our civil law. However, because China restored township system and implemented a ＂separation of politics and society＂ after 1984, the former People＇ s Commune, the production brigade and the production team separated their roles of ＂administrator＂ and ＂owners of land and property＂, coupled with the different country practices, thereby rendering the subject of ＂collective ownership＂ very confusing. Therefore, due to the different observational angles of the history and the actual operation of China＇ s collective economic organization, with respect to the owners of the rural land and the means of production, there are different views, such as ＂shared by members of the collective economic organization＂, ＂ jointly owned＂ and ＂ owned by the collective economic organization＂ Through the analysis, I think： we must respect the history that rural lan

关 键 词：乡镇集体经济组织 集体经济组织 人民公社 特别法人 

分 类 号：D923.1[政治法律—民商法学]