“魏官品”、“晋官品”献疑  

A Query of “Official Ranks of the Wei Dynasty” and “Official Ranks of the Jin Dynasty”

作　　者：张金龙[1] 

机构地区：[1]首都师范大学历史学院

出　　处：《文史哲》2017年第4期25-43,共19页Literature,History,and Philosophy

摘　　要：《通典》所载"魏官品"和"晋官品"是今人所见有关魏、晋官品的最完整记载,其来源在现有历史文献中难觅踪迹。"魏官品"与曹魏实际制度多有不合,或谓其颁布时间在曹魏灭亡前夕。曹魏《品令》(《官品令》)当在魏明帝朝法令修订时制定,魏末晋初贾充等人所撰《官品令》为《晋官品令》,均非《通典》所载之"魏官品"。《隋书·经籍志》著录的多部魏晋官制文献中未见《官品令》,唐初修撰《晋书》时所见《魏晋官品令》并非原始文献,而是转述相关文献所见魏、晋时期的官品令文,难免会有不合实际制度之处。晋代官分九品明载于《晋书·食货志》,而《职官志》中职官等级则是用"品秩"和"石"来表示的,品代表官位高低,秩体现俸禄多寡,品秩结合方体现官员地位之整体面貌。《宋书·百官志》关于职官秩次的记载较多,包括汉代以降至刘宋制度,通过比较可知,魏晋刘宋时期职官等级制度的表现形式仍与汉代相近,"秩○○石"为表示职官等级的重要方式。《隋书·百官志》载梁初定制,有明确对应关系的"秩"与"品"构成职官等级制度的两个基本要件。而同卷所载陈代品秩,秩次仅与具体职官对应,并不反映其品位之上下或位次之前后。仅据将军名号即可断定,《通典》所载"魏官品"未能真实反映曹魏现实制度,也与晋初制度多有不合,称之为"魏官品"名不副实。"晋官品"与西晋或东晋现实制度也有较大出入,可断定非晋代某一时期的原始《官品令》,以"晋官品"作为两晋全期或某一时期的制度亦属牵强。沈约《宋书·百官志》文末附载比较简略的官品表,实为东晋制度,也与刘宋制度相符,是为现存文献中记录时间最早的一个官品表,《通典》所载"晋官品"不排除以之为蓝本编撰而成的可能性。The'official ranks of the Wei Dynasty'and'official ranks of the Jin Dynasty'recorded in Tongdian(Comprehensive Institutions)are the most complete extant records of the official ranks of the Wei and Jin Dynasties,yet it is hard to find the sources of those records in extant historical documents.The'official ranks of the Wei Dynasty'were not compatible with the actual institutions of the Wei Dynasty.Statute of Official Ranks of the Wei Dynasty should be revised in the reign of Emperor Mingdi,and Statute of Official Ranks compiled by Jia Chong and others should be Statute of Official Ranks of the Jin Dynasty.Both of them were not official ranks of the Wei Dynasty recorded in TongdianIt can be judged only from the general titles that official ranks of the Wei Dynasty recorded in Tongdianfailed to reflect the real official system of the Wei Dynasty,and differed in many ways from the official system of the early Jin Dynasty,so the records are unworthy of being called as'official ranks of the Wei Dynasty.'The records of'official ranks of the Jin Dynasty'also showed great gap between the real system of the Western or Eastern Jin Dynasty,so it can be concluded that the records was not the original text of Statute of Official Ranks in a certain period of the Jin Dynasty.There is a brief appendix table of official ranks to'Treatise on Government Offices'in the Book of Song written by Shen Yue,which records the official system of the Eastern Jin Dynasty,and also coincides with the official systm of the Liu Song Dynasty.As an earliest table of official ranks in extant literature,we cannot exclude the possibility that it is the chief source of'official ranks of the Jin Dynasty'recorded in Tongdian.

关 键 词：《通典》 魏官品 晋官品 来源 品秩 将军号 

分 类 号：D691.42[政治法律—政治学]