中国古代都城营建中的生态智慧及其现代启示--隋唐长安、宋代临安、明清北京的实证研究  

Ecological Wisdom in the Construction of Ancient China Capital City and Its Modern Enlightenments: The Empirical Research on Chang'an of Sui and Tang Dynasties, Lin'an of Song Dynasty, and Beijing of Ming and Qing Dynasties

作　　者：闫水玉[1] 裴雯[2] 

机构地区：[1]重庆大学建筑与城市规划学院、山地城镇建设与新技术教育部重点实验室 [2]重庆师范大学旅游与地理学院城乡规划系

出　　处：《国际城市规划》2017年第4期40-47,共8页Urban Planning International

基　　金：重庆市教委科学技术研究项目(KJ110607)

摘　　要：本文基于对城市历史地图信息和地方史志资料的分析,结合现场考察,对中国古代典型都城(隋唐长安、宋代临安、明清北京)的选址、空间格局、建筑组群与地形、水文、气候的关系进行了研究,发现这三个代表中国城市文明的都城,其城市形态与自然要素具有很好的适应关系,体现了中国古代都城营建中"巧妙利用自然生态资源,创造自然与人协同,最大程度地利用自然能量,提高支持城市运行的能量使用效率"的城市空间协同生态智慧。本质上,这些成功的古代都城以富有地域特征的生态秩序和清晰的生态过程支持着城市对自然能量和人工能量的高效利用,构成了这些城市繁荣的基础。面对日益严重的城市境问题,生态智慧启示我们,城市空间形态规划与设计要适应自然生态格局与功能,以自然空间为基底,建构城市空间结构,自然要素引导空间生长,实现城市过程与自然演化过程的平衡,从而让自然做工,让人工能量更为有效,根本上维持城市生态的稳定性,促进城市可持续发展。Through the analysis of the city historical map and local historical data, combined with on-site inspection, this paper studies the relationship between the site selection, spatial pattern, building group and topography, hydrology, climate of the typical capitals （Chang＇an of Sui and Tang Dynasties, Lin＇an of Song Dynasty, and Beijing of Ming and Qing Dynasties） in ancient China. We find that the urban form and natural element are well adapted to each other, embodying the urban space collaborative ecological wisdom that ＂using natural ecological resources efficiently, creating the synergy of natural and human＂ in urban planning and design of ancient China. Essentially, these successful ancient cities supported the city＇s efficient use of energy with ecological order rich in regional characteristics and clear ecological processes, constituting the basis of the prosperity of these cities. Facing increasingly serious urban environmental problems, ecological wisdom reveals us that urban spatial form planning and design should adapt to the pattern and function of natural ecology, be based on the natural space, construct the urban space structure, let the natural element guide the growth of space, realize the balance between urban process and natural evolution process, use the energy effectively, and maintain the stability of urban ecology fundamentally.

关 键 词：隋唐长安 宋代临安 明清北京 城市形态 自然适应性 能效 生态智慧 

分 类 号：TU984.2[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]