变革中的国际人道法:发展与新议程——纪念《日内瓦公约》1977年《附加议定书》通过40周年  

International Humanitarian Law in Flux:Development and New Agendas——In Commemoration of the 40th Anniversary of the 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions

作　　者：马新民[1] Ma Xinmin

机构地区：[1]外交部条约法律司

出　　处：《国际法研究》2017年第4期3-20,共18页Chinese Review of International Law

摘　　要：1977年通过的1949年《日内瓦公约》的两个《附加议定书》编纂并发展了有关国际人道法规则,是国际人道法发展的重要里程碑。《附加议定书》通过40年以来,国际人道法在理念上从"军事范式"转向"以人为本范式";在制度上由重点规制国际性武装冲突转向非国际性武装冲突;在规则上新规则的制定与现有规则的编纂都有显著发展;在实施上国际和国内两个层面都有强化,保护平民和战争受难者与惩治违反国际人道法的个人并重;在适用上主体和范围都有所扩大,且有关规则得到充实和细化。围绕着国际人道法的实施及如何适用国际人道法于新领域、新主体和新武器这两大问题,有5个国际人道法新议程值得关注:加强国际人道法实施的政府间进程;加强被剥夺自由人员的国际人道法保护正式会议;联合国私营军事和安保公司政府间工作组;有关网络、外空、自主武器系统、核武器等作战手段和方法领域的立法和编纂进程;国际法委员会关于"危害人类罪"和"与武装冲突有关的环境保护"专题的编纂。The 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 have laid a major milestone in the evolvement of international humanitarian law （IHL） by codifying and developing relevant rules of IHL. During the last 40 years since the adoption of the Additional Protocols, the ideology of IHL has shifted from a ＂military paradigm＂ to a ＂humanity centered approach＂ . The framework of IHL has shifted its focus from international armed conflicts to the non-international armed conflicts. Significant progress has been achieved in both the development of new rules and the codification of existing rules. The implementation of IHL has been strengthened on both international and national levels, attaching equal importance to the protection of civilians and war victims and the punishment of individuals who violate IHL. The subject and scope of the application of IHL have expanded and relevant ndes have been enriched and refined. Corresponding to the two outstanding questions, namely the implementation of existing rules of IHL and their application to new areas, new subjects and new weapons, five new agendas on IHL are worth our attention, namely the Inter- governmental Process on Strengthening Respect for IHL; Strengthening IHL Protecting Persons Deprived of Their Liberty; UN Intergovernmental Working Group on Private Military and Security Companies; the legislation and codification on means and methods of warfare concerning cyberspace, outer space, autonomous weapon systems and nuclear weapons ; proceedings of the International Law Commission on the topics of ＂crimes against humanity＂ and ＂environmental protection related to armed conflict＂.

关 键 词：国际人道法 1977年《附加议定书》 武装冲突 新议程 

分 类 号：D995[政治法律—国际法学]