粉垄耕作对小麦玉米产量及耕层土壤养分的影响  

Effect of Smashing Ridge Tillage on Grain Yields of Winter Wheat and Summer Maize and Contents of Soil Nutrients

作　　者：聂胜委[1] 张玉亭[1] 张巧萍[1] 郭庆 汤丰收[3] 王洪庆 何宁[1] 

机构地区：[1]河南省农业科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所,河南郑州450002 [2]西华县农业科学研究所,河南西华466600 [3]河南省农业科学院经济作物研究所,河南郑州450002

出　　处：《土壤通报》2017年第4期930-936,共7页Chinese Journal of Soil Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31301284);"十二五"科技支撑计划循环农业项目(2012BAD14B08;2012BAD14B04);河南省重点科技攻关项目(132102110068);河南省产粮大省项目(HN0026);院县共建项目(YX018);农牧一体化项目(NM007)资助

摘　　要：通过在河南省温县(2013~2014年)和西华县(2014~2015年)小麦、玉米2季作物的试验,研究粉垄耕作对作物产量、土壤养分(碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质)含量的影响,并分析耕作措施与作物生产、养分吸收的关系,为作物高产和施肥管理提借鉴。小麦播种季,设旋耕(12~16 cm,CK),粉垄耕作(FL1:20~30 cm,FL2:30~40 cm)3个处理,夏玉米在小麦收获后贴茬播种,其它一切农事操作均保持一致。结果表明,FL1、FL2处理小麦当季平均增产幅度分别为18.5%、23.5%,FL2>FL1;玉米季,FL1、FL2处理的平均增产幅度分别为10.4%、5.8%。土壤养分方面,与CK相比,FL1、FL2处理能够增加小麦成熟期潮土土壤速效钾含量,平均增加74.49 mg kg^(-1),显著降低土壤碱解氮、有效磷、有机质含量,降低玉米季土壤耕层速效养分含量。FL1、FL2处理显著增加砂姜黑土土壤有效磷含量,平均高2.2 mg kg^(-1),降低土壤碱解氮、速效钾含量,分别平均降低7.54 mg kg^(-1)、13.38 mg kg^(-1)。小麦季,FL1、FL2处理的氮、磷、钾肥偏生产力均显著高于CK,比CK高出5~19个单位;玉米季,偏生产力比CK高出3~15个单位。说明在养分投入、农事操作等保持一致的条件下,粉垄耕作(FL1,FL2)能够增加小麦、玉米两季作物产量,促进作物对养分的吸收,特别是氮的吸收。此外,适当增加耕作层的厚度更有助于当季小麦产量的提高。Smashing ridge tillage has affected the grain yields of winter wheat and summer maize and nutrient contents of soil in Henan Province. There were three treatments as follows： smashing ridge tillage （20 - 30 cm, FL1）, smashing ridge tillage （30 - 40 cm, FL2）, and rotation tillage （12 - 16 cm, CK）. The results showed that wheat grain yield was increased by an average of 18.5% and 23.5%, respectively, under FL1 and FL2 treatments. Also, maize grain yield was increased by with an average of 10.4% and 5.8%, respectively, under FL1 and FL2 treatments. Both FL1 and FL2 treatments increased the contents of soil available potassium （by about 74.49 mg kg-1） and decreased the contents of soil alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen, Olsen-phosphate as well as soil organic matter at wheat maturing stage and decreased the contents of soil available nutrients at maize maturing stage in Fluvo-aquic soils. FL1 and FL2 treatments improved the content of Olsen-phosphate （by about 2.2 mg kg-1） and decreased the contents of alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen （by about 7.54 mg kg-~） and available potassium （about 13.38 mg kg-1） in Shajiang Black Soil at wheat maturing stage. Both FL1 and FL2 treatments showed higher about 5 - 19 units of Partial Factor Productivity （PFP） at wheat season and 3 - 15 units of PFP at maize season compared with CK treatment. This indicated that smashing ridge tillage （FL1 and FL2） could increase grain yields of wheat and maize, and improved the contents of soil available nutrients （especially nitrogen）. Additionally, it would obtain better grain yield by building higher soil layers.

关 键 词：粉垄耕作 小麦 玉米 产量 土壤养分 影响 

分 类 号：S341.1[农业科学—作物栽培与耕作技术] S512.1[农业科学—农艺学]