西藏玉米地方品种表型性状的综合评价与特异种质筛选  

Comprehensive evaluation of phenotypic characteristics and selection of specific germplasms of Tibet maize landraces

作　　者：蒙祖庆[1] 宋丰萍[1] 

机构地区：[1]西藏农牧学院,西藏林芝860000

出　　处：《西北农林科技大学学报（自然科学版）》2017年第8期56-68,75,共14页Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition)

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31260329);西藏大学农牧学院"雪域英才工程"人才发展支持计划项目(2015XYD02);西藏自治区高校青年教师创新支持计划项目(QCZ2016-56)

摘　　要：【目的】研究西藏玉米地方品种表型特点,为西藏玉米地方品种的整理、鉴定、评价及优异种质资源的挖掘提供理论依据。【方法】于2014-2015年,采用大田试验,对179份西藏玉米地方品种的出苗至抽雄时间、抽雄至散粉时间、散粉至吐丝时间、吐丝至成熟时间、生育期、雄穗一级分枝数、雄穗长、茎粗、株高、穗位高、主茎叶片数、果穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、百粒质量、出籽率、双穗率、空秆率、雄穗护颖颜色、花药颜色、花丝颜色、穗型、粒型、籽粒颜色、籽粒形状、穗轴颜色27个表型性状进行系统鉴定,根据其地理来源,计算各性状的分布范围及平均值,分析各表型的整体分布特征。【结果】西藏玉米地方品种以中、早熟品种为主,平均生育期109~170d;含部分晚熟品种,其生育期大于170d,主要来自察隅县和墨脱县。西藏玉米地方品种植株高大、主茎叶片数丰富、雄穗分枝较多的品种主要分布在林芝市察隅县和墨脱县,其玉米平均株高、主茎叶片数、雄穗一级分枝数分别为257.20~297.88cm,15~17片,14~18个;植株较矮、主茎叶片数较少、雄穗分枝较少的品种主要分布在昌都市八宿县和芒康县,其玉米平均株高、主茎叶片数、雄穗一级分枝数分别为203.96~223.69cm,13~14片,12~14个。西藏玉米地方品种的果穗长、果穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、百粒质量分别集中在14.24~20.15cm,3.89~4.75cm,11~15行,26~37粒,21.22~36.86g。大粒和大穗品种主要分布在昌都市芒康县,长穗品种主要分布在林芝市察隅县。通过2年重复试验,共鉴定出89份特异资源,其中双穗品种2份,大粒品种6份,大穗品种1份,长穗品种8份,早熟品种17份,特殊籽粒颜色品种17份,雄穗多分枝型品种35份,雄穗少分枝型品种3份。【结论】西藏玉米地方品种表型遗传多样性丰富,存在部分有价值的表型特异种质,可为我国玉米种质资�【Objective】Field experiment was carried out to study the phenotypic characteristics of maize landraces in Tibet and select and evaluate excellent maize resource.【Method】A total of 27 traits including tasseling,tasseling-anthesis interval,anthesis-silking interval,silking-maturity interval,days from sowing to maturity,branch number of tassel,length of tessel,plant height,stalk diameter,ear height,leaf number of stalk,ear length,ear diameter,number of rows per ear,number of kernel per row,100-kernelweight,percentage of kernel weight in ear weight,percentage of plants with two ears on same plant,percentage of bare plants,kernel color,tassel color,anther color,silk color,ear shape,kernel type,kernel shape,and cob color of 179 maize landraces in Tibet were analyzed during 2014-2015.The frequency distribution of qualitative traits and range of each quantitative trait were calculated according to geographical origin,and the general distribution characteristics were analyzed.【Result】Most landraces in Tibet were middle or early maturing varieties with average growth period of 109-170 d.A few varieties from Motuo and Chayu showed late maturity.The landraces from Chayu and Motuo of Linzhi showed forage traits such as tall plant,abundant leaves and tassel branches with average plant height,branch leaf number of stalk and number of tassel of 257.20-297.88 cm,15-17,and 14-18,respectively.The landraces from Mangkang and Basu of Changdu had characteristics such as early maturity,few leaves and tassel branches with average plant height,branch leaf number of stalk and number of tassel of 203.96-223.69 cm,13-14,and12-14,respectively.The average ear length,ear diameter,number of rows per ear,number of kernel per row,and 100-kernel weight of all landraces were 14.24-20.15 cm,3.89-4.75 cm,11-15,26-37,and21.22-36.86 g.Varieties with large seed and long ear mainly distributed in Mangkang of Changdu and Chayu of Linzhi.The results of the comprehensive identification of 27 phenotypic traits showed that there were 89 varieties

关 键 词：西藏 玉米地方品种 表型鉴定 特异种质 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]