应用于鱼道设计的马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)游泳能力  

Swimming performance of Opsariichthys bidens related to fishway design

作　　者：金志军[1] 陈小龙[1] 王从锋 李卫明[1] 涂志英[1] 柯森繁 高柱[1] 石小涛[1] 

机构地区：[1]三峡大学三峡库区生态环境教育部工程研究中心,湖北宜昌443002

出　　处：《生态学杂志》2017年第9期2678-2684,共7页Chinese Journal of Ecology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(51579136);中国电力建设股份有限公司科技项目(DJ-ZDXM-2014-04);三峡库区生态环境教育部工程研究中心开放基金项目(KF2015-08)资助

摘　　要：马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)广泛存在于长江流域,是体型较小的重要经济鱼种。游泳耐力、临界游泳速度、冲刺游泳速度是鱼类重要的游泳能力参数。本文利用鱼类游泳能力测试环形水槽,在实验水温21.4±0.3℃条件下,用固定流速法对128尾(全长TL:9.60~15.10 cm)测试鱼进行游泳耐力测试,用流速递增法分别对31尾(TL:9.16~15.91cm)、56尾(TL:8.78~16.81 cm)测试鱼进行临界游泳速度、冲刺游泳速度测试。结果表明:在游泳耐力测试中,84%以上测试鱼持续游泳时间集中分布在0~10 min和>200 min的范围内;疲劳时间(E)、游泳速度(V)、全长(TL)之间的关系可拟合为lg E=1.603-0.025V+0.146TL(R^2=0.562,P<0.001),根据拟合关系式预测全长为9.60 cm(最小长度)测试鱼可连续通过的鱼道长度与允许最大鱼道内平均水流速度的关系曲线为V_(fmax)=223.3973-17.3609ln(d-0.0130);测试鱼的临界游泳速度值为61.07~120.03 cm·s^(-1)(相对临界游泳速度6.57~12.65 BL·s^(-1));冲刺游泳速度范围为65.03~155.07 cm·s^(-1)(相对冲刺游泳速度5.31~17.95 BL·s^(-1)),78%的实验鱼其冲刺游泳速度大于1 m·s^(-1),平均冲刺游泳速度约为平均临界游泳速度的1.23倍。本试验方法和结果可为鱼道设计提供相关依据。Opsariichthys bidens, an important economic fish with a small body size, widely exists in the Yangtze River Basin. The swimming endurance, critical swimming speed and sprint swimming speed are important parameters of fish swimming ability, and closely related to the fishway design. Based on the experiments performed in a swimming tunnel, a total of 215 fish （8.78-16.81 cm, TL） were tested, including 128 fish for the test on swimming endurance, 31 fish on critical swimming speed and 56 fish on the sprint swimming speed. Fixed velocity tests revealed that over 84% of the fatigue time was distributed in the two ranges： either 〈10 min or 〉200 min. The relationship between fatigue time （E）, swimming velocity （V） and total length （TL） could be fitted as lgE=1.603-0.025V＋0.146TL （R2=0.562, P〈0.001）. According to the fitting equation, the relationship between the maximum length of the fishway and the maximum allowable flow can be predicted, and the combined conditions can be tested on the fishway length and maximum water velocity that are suitable for passing Opsariichthys bidens （TL=9.60 cm） at 21.4 °C. Critical swimming speed value of the experimental fish was distributed in 61.07-120.03 cm·s^-1 （the relative critical swimming speed： 6.57-12.65 BL·s^-1）, and the range of sprint swimming speed was 65.03-155.07 cm·s^-1 （the relative sprint swimming speed： 5.31-17.95 BL·s^-1）. It was concluded that with regard to the sprint swimming speed, 78% of the experimental fish was greater than 1 m·s^-1, and the average sprint swimming speed was about 1.23 times as fast as the average critical swimming speed. The results can provide basis for the hydraulic parameters of the fishway design.

关 键 词：马口鱼 疲劳曲线 临界游泳速度 冲刺游泳速度 鱼道设计 

分 类 号：S956.3[农业科学—水产养殖]