天宫一号飞行器失效后激光测距实验分析  

Analysis on the experiment of satellite laser ranging of defunct Tiangong-1 spacecraft

作　　者：孙明国[1,2,3] 高鹏骐[1] 李振伟[2] 孙建南[2] 董雪[2] 赵有[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院国家天文台,北京100012 [2]中国科学院国家天文台长春人造卫星观测站,长春130117 [3]中国科学院大学,北京100049

出　　处：《科学通报》2017年第24期2796-2803,共8页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：吉林省科技发展计划(20150623024TC-33);国家自然科学基金(U1231114;11503056;11503057);国家重大科研装备研制项目(ZDYZ2013-2)资助

摘　　要：天宫一号飞行器于2016年3月终止了数据服务,成为在轨飞行的"空间碎片".其所处的轨道空间,高度约400 km,是天宫二号航天器、国际空间站等载人航天器以及一系列对地测量卫星运行的重要区域.空间碎片对这些航天器的运行构成严重威胁.卫星激光测距是目前空间目标观测手段中精度最高的一种,测量精度可达厘米量级,其高精度的观测结果为碰撞风险评估提供了有力支撑.天宫一号装有角反射器,这为激光测距提供了良好的实验平台.2016年3~5月期间,中国科学院国家天文台长春人造卫星观测站(7237)和中国科学院上海天文台佘山观测站(7821)以及中国科学院紫金山天文台等单位联合对失效的天宫一号目标进行了激光测距实验,共获得有效数据23圈.通过实测数据处理分析,发现激光观测数据的均方根(RMS)即定轨精度可以达到10 cm.利用卫星激光测距(SLR)精密定轨得到的新根数做轨道预报,两天的预报在地固坐标x,y,z三个分量上的误差约200~300 m,径向误差好于100 m,能够满足激光测距后续观测的要求.本次实验将为天宫二号及其他低轨道航天器的激光测距和精密定轨提供有益的参考和技术支撑.Tiangong-1, which was launched on 29 September 2011, is the first prototype space station of China. During the past two years in its lifetime, Tiangong-1 has been visited by a series of Shenzhou spacecraft. On 21 March 2016, it had formally ended its service and now is replaced by Tiangong-2. The orbit of Tiangong-1 is about 400 km above the ground where Tiangong-2, the international space station and other satellites are located as well. The space debris is now posing great collision risk to these space assets. The satellite laser ranging （SLR） is a space tracking technique with the highest precision. Its precise data lay a solid foundation for reliable conjunction assessment. On October 2002, Greene, Mount Stromlo SLR station of Australia, announced that it was possible to track a piece of space debris of a size of 15 cm at a distance of 1250 km using the SLR technology. In 2011, both Graz SLR station of Austrian and Grasse LLR station of France succeeded in debris laser ranging data. In China, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory obtained debris laser ranging data in 2008, Yunnan Observatory in 2010 and Changchun Observatory in 2014 also obtained debris data using SLR. In 2014, Changchun Observatory observed a total of 244 space debris in altitude about 400 to 1800 km. Tiangong-1 spacecraft was equipped with corner cube reflectors （CCRs）, which were designed mainly for orbital rendezvous with Shenzhou spacecraft and now provide convenience for SLR. From March to May of 2016, a coordinated laser ranging experiment on Tiangong-1 was made by Changchun Observatory （ILRS site ID： 7237） of National Astronomical Observatories, Sheshan station （ILRS site ID： 7821） of Shanghai Astronomical Observatory and Purple Mountain Observatory. Tiangong-1 has not been tracked by international laser ranging service （ILRS） and the orbit prediction of consolidated prediction format （CPF） cannot be obtained from ILRS. In general, the two line elements （TLE） of space objects can be downloaded from intern

关 键 词：空间实验室 空间碎片 卫星激光测距(SLR) 光学观测 精密定轨 

分 类 号：V412.41[航空宇航科学与技术—航空宇航推进理论与工程] V448.2