四倍体谷子细胞学鉴定及不同倍性谷子孕穗期光合因子日响应差异分析  

Identification of Cytology about Tetraploid Millet and Analysis between Photosynthetic Factors Response for Diurnal Variation of Different Ploidy at Booting Stage

作　　者：王晓宇[1] 王根全[1] 王节之[1] 郝晓芬[1] 刘鑫[1] 张正[1] 常建忠[2] 王雪梅[3] WANG Xiao-yu WANG Gen-quan WANG Jie-zhi HAO Xiao-fen ZHANG Zheng CHANG Jian-zhong WANG Xue-mei(Institute of Millet Science ,Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changzhi 046011 Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030006 Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100)

机构地区：[1]山西省农业科学院谷子研究所,长治046011 [2]山西省农业科学院旱地农业研究中心,太原030006 [3]山东省农业科学院作物研究所,济南250100

出　　处：《植物遗传资源学报》2017年第5期830-836,共7页Journal of Plant Genetic Resources

基　　金：山西省科技攻关项目(20150300006-1);所长青年引导专项(yydzx05)

摘　　要：从形态学方面对谷子栽培种晋谷21号及其四倍体诱变株系进行了比较并从细胞学和解剖学两方面对四倍体株系进行了倍性鉴定。在此基础上,笔者从谷子生理生化表观特征差异作为切入点,研究了不同倍性谷子孕穗期叶片中叶绿素及氮含量差异及各自光合因子日响应特性。结果表明:相较其二倍体对照株,四倍体谷子旗叶宽度增加6.11%,叶形指数由11.82减小到9.25,主茎直径增加13.04%,主穗直径减小5.39%,千粒重增加46.16%,旗叶长度减小17.01%,主茎长度减小23.29%,主穗长度减小5.45,单株主穗重减小24.42%,主穗粒重减小62.47%,结实率减小46.66%。显微扫描结果证明,四倍体谷子花药增大,花粉粒增大、部分干瘪,子房多数呈椭球状,柱头皱缩,不育或不实,生育期延长,种子萌发率低,孕穗期谷子氮吸收和同化能力减弱,叶绿素合成量减少。相较其同源四倍体,在光量子通量密度一定的前提下二倍体谷子外部微环境及其自身相关各光合因子彼此间效应与互作更为敏感。四倍体不育程度高,灌浆不充分,同化产物"库"-"源"失衡是谷子同源四倍体谷子孕穗期净光合速率较低的主要内因。四倍体谷子的表型及相关生理机制的变化是基因组组分之间以及核质基因组之间相容性水平的体现,并存在选择压力下的再平衡过程。Data of phenotype and cytology were collected from 2013 to 2015,including data of photosynthetic factor. Cultivar of Jingu 21 and its autotetraploid were materials of this experiment. We compared them by morphological observation,and ploidy examination was from cytological observation. On the basis of physiological and biochemical characteristics,the experiments studied about photosynthetic factor response for diurnal variation of different ploidy. It turned out that： compared with millet of diploid,tetraploid increased leaf width by 6. 11%,decreased index of leaf shape from 11. 82 to 9. 25,increased length of diameter of main stem by 13. 04%,decreased length of diameter of main panicle by 5. 39%,increased thousand seed weight by 46. 16%,decreased leaf length by 17. 01%,decreased length of main stem length by 23. 29%,decreased length of main panicle length by 5. 45%,decreased panicle weight by 24. 42%,decreased grain weight per panicle by 62. 47%,decreased fruiting rate by 46. 66%. The results of microscopy scanning showed that tetraploids had long growth period,globular ovaries,crenated stigmas,big pollen,some of which were wizened. In addition to these,their seeds had low germination percentage,and their synthetic amounts of chlorophyll and N were decreased at booting stage. Compared with its tetraploid,photosynthesis factors of diploid affect each other were more sensitive. Unbalance of sink and source was main impact factor to low photosynthetic rate of autotetraploid of induced strains at booting stage. Phenotype of tetraploid was the embodiment of interaction between different genomes,and there must be a rebalancing in its evolution.

关 键 词：同源四倍体谷子 倍性鉴定 孕穗期 光合因子 

分 类 号：S515[农业科学—作物学]