鸟类惊飞距离及其影响因素  

Factors Affecting Flight Initiation Distance in Birds

作　　者：方小斌 邹瑀琦 丁长青[1] FANG Xiao-Bin ZOU Yu-Qi DING Chang-Qing(College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China)

机构地区：[1]北京林业大学自然保护区学院,北京100083

出　　处：《动物学杂志》2017年第5期897-910,共14页Chinese Journal of Zoology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(No.31372218)

摘　　要：惊飞距离(FID)是指捕食者(包括人类)接近目标个体并导致其逃避时,捕食者与目标个体之间的距离。惊飞距离能很好地衡量动物个体在特定环境下的恐惧反应和风险权衡,是研究动物逃避行为的常用指标,并为物种保护提供科学依据。鸟类是研究逃避行为的理想对象,本文综述了影响鸟类惊飞距离的各种因素,可分为3类:栖息地因素(距隐蔽处的距离和生境开阔度等)、鸟类自身因素(生活史、体型和群体大小等)以及与捕食者相关的因素(捕食者的接近方向和速度等)。城市化也会影响鸟类的惊飞距离,导致城市中的鸟类通常比乡村生境的同种鸟类拥有更短的惊飞距离。习惯化、适应和生境选择是解释惊飞距离城乡差异的3种假说。研究鸟类的惊飞距离及其影响因素,有助于理解鸟类的逃避行为及其风险权衡机制,为物种保护中设立合理的缓冲区域及制定有效的保护管理措施提供科学依据。目前国内有关鸟类惊飞距离的研究多为行为观察和单一因素的影响,有待从不同因素的交互作用角度探讨鸟类的逃避行为并用于物种保护。Flight initiation distance （FID） is defined as a distance at which an animal flees due to the presence of an approaching stimulus （such as predators and humans）. It is a very common used parameter for studying the processes associated with escape decision making because it reflects the risk at which an individual is willing to take while approached by a potential predator. It is also applied for animal conservation purposes such as establishing buffer areas to minimize human disturbance. This review summarized the factors influencing the FID in birds during the predator-prey interaction, with mainly three categories classified as environmental factors （e.g., distance to refuge and habitat openness）, bird＇s own factors （e.g., life history, body size and group size） and predator＇s factors （e.g., direction of approach and approach speed）. Moreover, urbanization also affects the FID in birds, with smaller FID in the cities, caused by habituation, local adaptation, and habitat selection. Knowledge and understanding of the factors affecting FID in birds may play a key role in escape behavior research and promoting the coexistence of human being and birds. Most studies on FID of birds were focused on behavioral observation or the effect of single factor in China, we suggest future works should strive to test targeted interactions between factors to understand how species weigh the importance of each factor in different situations

关 键 词：反捕食行为 惊飞距离 鸟类 风险权衡 

分 类 号：Q958.1[生物学—动物学]