手工业与工业化技术:中印手工纺织业的比较  

Craft and Technology:Handloom weaving in China and India compared

作　　者：白馥兰[1] 董晓萍[2] Francesca BRAY DONG Xiao-ping(School of Social and Political Studies, Edinburgh, EH8 9LL, UK. Center for Folklore, Ancient Writing and Chinese Characters, BNU, Beijing 100875,China)

机构地区：[1]爱丁堡大学社会人类学系 [2]北京师范大学民俗典籍文字研究中心,北京100875

出　　处：《北京师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2017年第5期59-67,共9页Journal of Beijing Normal University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：教育部人文社科重点研究基地重大项目"跨文化学理论与方法论"(16JJD750006)

摘　　要：手工业与现代技术工业化是国家生产模式的二元结构,在跨文化的视野下分析这种二元结构的发展趋势,总结得失利弊,对于考量国家现代化政策水平不无裨益。中印手工纺织业的比较正是这方面的一个研究个案。中印两国政府都曾以同样的决心改革传统手工业生产,提高现代工业化水平,加速国家现代化。两国也有差异,新中国初期实行手工业改造,鼓励工人和农民转向工业技术就业;印度则限制农村手工业的转型,在城市实施大规模的工业化。这两种努力的长期结果是大不相同的,在中国,手工业生产已缩减至小众范围,中国在现代化经济繁荣后发展起来的旅游文化产业和遗产保护工作催生了新的手工业品。在印度,目前仍有数以千万计的家庭在从事手工纺织业的劳作,支持和保护手工业及其价值观成为一种强大的政治号召,推动人们为维护社会公正和环境保护而奋斗。解读这一个案具有启示意义。This essay of Craft and Ttechnology focuses on the handloom weaving in China and India from the perspective of transcultural analysis, for retrospection of the historical experience and lesson about it, China and India shared important characteristics： both had huge and large rural populations, heavily depended, for their livelihood, on smallholder farming and small-scale handicrafts or manufactures. They also had large modern cities, nascent industrial sectors, and large cohorts of well-trained, patriotic engineers and scientists. China and India were equally determined to modernise their countries as quickly as possible through sustained policies of industrialisation. China＇s early policies emphasised mobilising the local knowledge and skills of workers and peasants; India strove to suppress Ghandian ideals of village, craft-based democracy, to impose large-scale industrialisation. What was the long-term outcome for crafts in the two cases？ In China today, crafts survive only as niche activities, the ＂traditional＂ products of ethnic minorities, or the revival of ＂ancient＂ artisanal skills among Han populations. The current demand for and interest in crafts responds to greater national prosperity, nostalgia and a burgeoning tourist and heritage industry. In sharp contrast, tens of millions of families in India still depend on craft-work for their livelihood. Support for the craft sector and the values it represents serves as a powerful political rallying-call for social justice and environmental progress. This paper traces the framing of craft-technology relations, and the transitions towards an industrial technological culture in both countries.

关 键 词：中国 印度 手工技能 工业技术文化 变迁与保护 

分 类 号：K890[历史地理—民俗学]