施肥和地膜覆盖对黄土旱塬土壤理化性质和冬小麦产量的影响  

Effects of fertilization and film mulching on soil physical and chemical properties and winter wheat yield on the Loess Plateau

作　　者：付威[1] 樊军[1,2] 胡雨彤[3] 赵晶[3] 郝明德[1,3] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [3]中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2017年第5期1158-1167,共10页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B01);西北农林科技大学科技成果推广项目(TGZX2015-24);宁夏农业综合开发科研推广项目(NTKJ-2013-03-1)资助

摘　　要：【目的】研究黄土高原旱作农业区施肥等措施对耕层土壤理化性质和作物农艺性状的影响,为保持土壤适度生产力,选择适合黄土塬区可持续发展的新型增产措施提供理论基础。【方法】通过设在渭北旱塬的多年田间定位试验,选取不施肥空白对照、施氮磷肥、施氮磷钾肥、氮磷肥加生物炭、氮磷肥加生育期地膜半覆盖和氮磷肥加夏闲期地膜半覆盖共 6 个处理,所有处理均在冬小麦收获后和播种前进行翻耕。分析了不同处理耕层土壤理化性质、冬小麦产量及农艺指标。【结果】与对照相比,施氮磷肥显著提高了耕层土壤饱和导水率,降低耕层土壤紧实度,显著增加冬小麦生育期耗水量,提高水分利用效率和降雨利用效率,显著提高了耕层土壤中有机质、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、全磷、有效磷等养分的含量,连续三年提高冬小麦的产量均在一倍左右。与氮磷肥处理相比,增施钾肥处理增加了冬小麦拔节期耕层土壤紧实度,却显著降低了收获期土壤容重、增加了总孔隙度,并显著提高了水分利用效率,在一定程度上增加了耕层土壤全氮、有机质含量,使冬小麦的叶面积指数显著增加,连续三年冬小麦平均产量达 4500 kg/hm^2;增施生物炭处理耕层土壤容重降至最低为 1.16g/cm^3,增加了土壤总孔隙度,导致饱和导水率最大为 0.049 cm/min,提高了水分利用效率;耕层土壤中的有机质、全氮、全磷、有效磷的含量有一定增加,冬小麦的产量有所提升;施氮磷肥基础上的生育期地膜半覆盖与夏闲期地膜半覆盖,均显著降低了耕层土壤饱和导水率,增加了土壤紧实度,提高了冬小麦水分利用效率,耕层土壤中有机质、铵态氮、速效钾的含量有所增加,全磷含量降低,土壤 pH 下降,除去受灾年份,冬小麦平均产量在 4700~4800 kg/hm^2 之间。【结论】与对照相比,长期施用氮磷化肥显著提高冬小麦的[ Objectives ] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different agricultural measures on increasing winter wheat yields and the physical and chemical properties of shallow soil, which would provide support for the selection of suitable measures for sustainable development in the Loess Plateau. [ Methods ] A winter wheat field experiment since 2002, located in Weibei dryland, was used to in this study. Six treatments were chosen, no fertilization control （CK）, nitrogen and phosphate fertilization （NP）, nitrogen and phosphate and potash fertilization （NPK）, nitrogen and phosphate plus biochar addition （NPB）, nitrogen and phosphate and half plastic-film mulching over the growth period （NPFG）, nitrogen and phosphate and half plastic-film mulching over the summer fallow period （NPFF）. Plough after harvest and before sowing of winter wheat was performed in all the six treatments. The physical and chemical properties and agronomic indexes of winter wheat in different treatments were investigated. [ Results ] Compared with CK, NP could significantly improve the saturated hydraulic conductivity（Ks） of the shallow soil layer, reduce the soil compaction in 0-7.5 cm, significantly increase the water consumption of winter wheat growth period, improve the water use efficiency and precipitation utilization efficiency; at the same time, the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus in shallow soil were significantly increased, which increased the yields of winter wheat significantly. Compared with NP, total porosity of NPK in harvest stage were increased, and water use efficiency was increased significantly. At the same time, NPK improved soil total nitrogen and organic matter contents, and increased leaf area index of winter wheat significantly. Eventually the average yield of winter wheat was about 4500 kg/hm2 in recent 3 years. Compared with NP, NPB reduced soil bulk density significantly （1.16 g/cm3）, whi

关 键 词：黄土旱塬 产量 土壤紧实度 饱和导水率 水分利用效率 

分 类 号：S153[农业科学—土壤学] S512.11[农业科学—农业基础科学]