拉丁美洲的民粹主义:理论与实证探讨  

Populism in Latin America:A Theoretical and Empirical Approach

作　　者：董经胜[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学历史学系 [2]北京大学拉丁美洲研究中心

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2017年第4期16-34,154-155,共19页Journal of Latin American Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金项目"拉丁美洲现代化进程中的民众主义研究"(编号:14BSS018)的阶段性成果之一

摘　　要：学术界对于拉丁美洲的民粹主义这一概念的理解大体上可分为两大类。一类是将其看作一种与进口替代工业化和凯恩斯主义直接相关的经济模式或经济政策,以推动工业化、政府干预、扩张性的财政政策、注重收入分配等为特征;另一类是从政治角度出发,将其理解为一种意识形态、政治策略、政治话语、政治逻辑、政治风格等,各有侧重。拉丁美洲的民粹主义起源于对19世纪晚期大都市革命的威权本质的反抗,同时在文化传统上受到克劳泽主义的影响。政党体系和公民社会不发达的政治体制、极度的收入分配不均和频繁发生的经济危机为拉美民粹主义培育了土壤,使民粹主义在拉美历史上几度兴衰,呈现出强大的历史韧性。民粹主义既包含有利于民主的因素,如揭露现代西方代议制民主制度的弊端,以人民主权的名义扩大政治包容和参与,也包含不利于民主的因素,如权力过度集中于领袖,忽视民主程序和社会多元化,具有一定的政治排斥性等。这种矛盾体现了自由主义的民主传统与民粹主义的民主传统之间的内在紧张性。The definition of populism in Latin America can be roughly divided according to its economic and political implication.The economic implication of populism is associated with import-substitution-industrialization(ISI)and Keynesianism,which is mainly characterised by pro-industrialization,government intervention,expansionary fiscal policies as well as income redistribution.The political implication of populism includes political ideology,strategy,discourse,as well as political logic and political style.The origin of Latin American populism can be traced back to the resistance of the authoritarian nature of the metropolitan revolution in late 19th century historically and to the influence of Krausismo culturally.The political system characterized by weak party system and underdeveloped civil society,high inequality and frequent economic crises provided the nurturing soil for recurrent tides of populism throughout the history of Latin American countries,which demonstrated its toughness.The author argues that populism is both pro-democratic and anti-democratic.On one hand,populism exposed the defects of modern parliamentary democracy in western countries,enlarged political inclusion and participation in the name of the people's sovereignty;on the other hand,it concentrated power in the hand of populist leaders while ignoring democratic procedure and social pluralism,which resulted in another type of political exclusion.This kind of contradiction illustrated the inner tension between liberal democratic tradition and populist democratic tradition.

关 键 词：民粹主义 克里斯玛 克劳泽主义 新自由主义 新自由主义的民粹主义 

分 类 号：K712[历史地理—历史学]