阿根廷民众主义:国家与社会关系的视角  

Populism in Argentina:Perspective of State-Society Relation

作　　者：金晓文[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国际关系学院 [2]中国人民大学拉丁美洲研究中心

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2017年第4期54-74,155-156,共21页Journal of Latin American Studies

基　　金：中国人民大学科学研究基金(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助)项目的研究成果(编号:16XNF006)

摘　　要：传统上对于民众主义的分析通常采用国家中心主义的视角,忽视社会发挥的重要作用。然而在拉丁美洲国家与社会关系中,社会同样具有主体性,国家与社会的互动使民众主义绝非简单地表现为国家对社会的操纵,社会的力量也影响着民众主义的形成及演变。从这一视角出发,本文认为阿根廷民众主义是经济危机下政治领导人重塑国家政治权威的一种方式。在经济危机中,传统社会矛盾凸显,原有政权的支持网络无法维系,政治领袖便通过诉诸民众主义的方式重建政权支持网络,以实现对社会的有效统治。除民众主义外,军人干政也是阿根廷时常依靠的另一种解决危机的方式。从根本上说,军人干政与民众主义的反复出现均根植于阿根廷的政治和社会传统:一方面阿根廷具有崇尚权威的传统,当危机发生时民众会诉诸权威对国家进行改造;另一方面,阿根廷社会分裂程度较高,在危机下必须通过权威的方式才能推行改革和新政。而军人干政和民众主义的出现又与所处的社会结构有着紧密关联:军人干政发生于精英内部与民众内部均处于分裂的状态下,而民众主义发生于精英分裂但民众相对团结之时,这也使得军人干政和民众主义成为危机之下的不同选择。Populism is a political phenomenon that has occurred repeatedly in Argentina since the 20th Century.Normally the state-centered perspective ignores the subjectivity of the society,which argues that populism is a way that charismatic leaders manipulate the masses.However,in the state-society relation in Latin America,the society maintains the subjectivity as well.Instead of being simply manipulated by politicians,populism is also constructed and evolved under the influence of the masses.From the perspective of the state-society interaction,this article argues that populism is a form that political leaders adopt to reconstruct the political authority during economic crisis.Problems of the regime gradually emerge during crisis and thus the support network of the regime cannot be maintained.The political leaders thus resort to populism to rebuild the regime's support networks and to achieve effective governance.In addition to populism,military intervention is an alternative approach that Argentina often resorts to during economic crisis.Fundamentally,the recurrence of military intervention and populism rooted in the political and social traditions of Argentina.On one hand,Argentina has a tradition of respecting authority.When crisis occurs,people rely on the authority to put forward the reform.On the other hand,the Argentine society is relatively divided.Crisis calls for reforms and new policies in an authoritarian manner.Besides,the occurrence of military intervention and populism is also closely related to social structure.Military intervention takes place when classes of both the elites and the masses divide;however,populism emerges when the elites split while the masses are relatively united.This leads to different choices between military intervention and populism in crisis.

关 键 词：阿根廷 民众主义 权威政治 社会分裂 

分 类 号：D773[政治法律—政治学]