2014—2016年上海市浦东新区工作场所中电焊烟尘水平及其影响因素  

Exposure level of welding fumes and its influencing factors in workplaces of Pudong New District in Shanghai from 2014-2016

作　　者：王文朋[1] 李钢[1] 黄云彪[1] 赵宜静[1] 姜利平[1] 胡维军 

机构地区：[1]上海市浦东新区疾病预防控制中心环境与职业卫生危害因素控制科,上海200136 [2]上海市浦东新区安全生产监督管理局安全生产监察科,上海200136

出　　处：《职业与健康》2017年第18期2457-2460,共4页Occupation and Health

摘　　要：目的了解2014—2016年上海市浦东新区工作场所中电焊烟尘水平及其影响因素。方法采用3阶段抽样方法分层抽样抽取浦东新区辖区内114家企业197名电焊作业工人为调查对象,开展电焊烟尘主动监测,个体呼吸带采样,称重法测定作业场所中电焊烟尘的浓度。运用描述性统计学分析电焊烟尘暴露水平及影响因素。结果共获得197份电焊烟尘样品,监测浓度中位数(M)为1.75(P_(25)~P_(75),0.83~2.37)mg/m^3,几何均值(GM)为(1.72±3.18)mg/m^3,算术均数(AM)为(1.65±3.71)mg/m^3,超标率21.82%。3年间个体采样超标率小幅波动,2015年超标率最高(28.77%),但差异无统计学意义(χ~2=3.718,P>0.05);大型企业电焊烟尘的超标率(43.59%)明显高于中、小型企业(χ~2=14.583,P<0.01),造船行业电焊烟尘的超标率最高(38.10%),其次是专用设备制造业(30.00%),差异均有统计学意义(χ~2=11.930,P<0.01);电焊作业时间≥4 h工人电焊烟尘超标率(27.42%)明显高于<4 h工人电焊烟尘超标率(12.33%)(χ~2=6.132,P<0.01);连续作业电焊烟尘超标率(32.22%)明显高于间歇作业,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=10.493,P<0.01);通风效果差的电焊作业环境电焊烟尘超标率(43.24%)明显高于作业环境好(15.94%)和中等(17.58%)的电焊作业环境,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=12.307,P<0.01)。结论浦东新区作业场所中电焊烟尘暴露水平较高,可能会引起较大的健康风险,企业规模、行业、作业时长、作业特征及通风效果是影响电焊烟尘暴露水平的主要因素。[Objective]To investigate the exposure level of welding fumes in workplaces of Pudong New District in Shanghai from2014-2016 and explore its influencing factors.[Methods]197 welders from 114 enterprises in Pudong New District were recruited through three-stage sampling method. An occupational active surveillance for welding fumes was conducted,while personal sampling and gravimetric measurement were used to detect the concentration of welding fumes. The descriptive statistics was used to analyze the welding fume exposure level and its influencing factors.[Results]Totally 197 air samples were collected and the median（M）,geometric mean（GM） and arithmetic mean（AM） of dust concentration were 1.75（P_（25）-P_（75）,0.83-2.37）mg/m^3,（1.72±3.18）mg/m^3 and（1.65±3.71）mg/m^3 respectively. The percentage of the samples exceeding occupational exposure limit（OEL）reached 21.82%. The exceeding standard rate of individual samples fluctuated slightly in the three years,which reached the peak in 2015（28.77%）,however,the difference was not statistically significant（χ~2=3.718,P0.05）. The exceeding standard rate of welding fumes in large sized factories（43.59%）was significantly higher than that in medium-small sized factories（χ~2=14.583,P0.01）. The exceeding standard rate of welding fumes in shipbuilding industry was the highest（38.10%）,followed by special equipment manufacturing industry（30.00%）,and the difference was statistically significant（χ~2=11.930,P0.01）. The exceeding standard rate of workers with exposure length ≥4 hours（27.42%）was significantly higher than that of those with exposure length4 hours（12.33%）（χ~2=6.132,P0.01）. The exceeding standard rate of continuous operation（32.22%） was higher than that of intermittent operation,and the difference was statistically significant（χ~2=10.493,P0.01）. The exceeding standard rate of welding fumes in operation environment with poor ventilation effect（43.24%） was obviously higher than that i

关 键 词：电焊烟尘 主动监测 暴露 个体采样 

分 类 号：R134.2[医药卫生—劳动卫生]