翻译科与清代驻防八旗的仕进  

The Imperial Examination on Translation as the Ascending Ladder of Eight Banner Garrisons

作　　者：马子木[1] Ma Zimu

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国学院,博士研究生北京100872

出　　处：《史学月刊》2017年第10期29-40,共12页Journal of Historical Science

摘　　要：翻译科是清代旗人专有的进身之阶。道光二十三年,驻防八旗始被允许应考翻译科,至同治年间,形成了翻译科与文场并重的局面。翻译科在驻防八旗的开设,旨在解决八旗生计与满语文衰退问题,此举同时也拓展了驻防旗人的仕进空间,为朝廷输送了数量可观的多语文人才。在翻译科的刺激下,驻防八旗社会的满语文教育繁盛一时,各地陆续建立官学,教授翻译,民间也形成了私学或相互讲求满文的师友团体。但由于铨选制度的弊端,驻防士子很难通过翻译科取得理想的官职。通过开科举缓解驻防旗人生计问题,固可收一时之效,但日久使宦途壅滞更甚,由此进身者补官不易,有的甚至放弃了仕途。清廷试图以扩大宦途改善旗人生计,其失败的根源正在于此。The imperial examination on translation was an ascending ladder for bannermen in the Qing dynasty.From 1843,the imperial examination on translation was granted to bannermen in garrisons,and thereafter developed into a status equal to the civil service examination.The estabilishment of imperial examination in Eight Banner Garrisons intended to ease the livelihood of bannermen and to relieve the decline of Manchu language.It also increased the possibility for bannermen to enter official careers.It also provided a considerable number of multilingual literati for the court.Stimulated by this system,the teaching and learning of Manchu thrived for a period in garrsions.Official schools were started to teach Manchu-Chinese translation,and private schools and schoolar groups also appeared for this purpose.Nevertheless,it was difficult for bannermen to gain a satisfying position through the imperial examination due to the intrinsic defect of official-selecting institution in the Qing dynasty.Though the examination system may ease the livelihood of bannermen in garrisons for some time,it would exasperate the already-blocked ascending ladders,which meant that the bannermen who passed the examination could hardly obtain positions in government,or even had to give up their careers eventually.This was why the attempt eventually failed.

关 键 词：清代 翻译科 驻防八旗 满语文教育 旗人仕进 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学] D691.349[历史地理—中国史]