美国公立高校积极差别待遇录取政策反思  

Reflection on Affirmative Action Admission Policy of Public Higher Education Institutions in the United States

作　　者：申素平 王俊 Shen Suping Wang Jun

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学教育学院党总支 [2]中国人民大学教育学院 [3]北京教育科学研究院高等教育科学研究所

出　　处：《教育研究》2017年第9期140-147,共8页Educational Research

摘　　要：美国联邦最高法院在最新判决中继续维持积极差别待遇录取政策的合法地位,引出少数族裔优势群体学生从中不当受益的"奶油层"争议。仅有少数族裔之名,但无弱势状况之实,是"奶油层"的主要特征。联邦对少数族裔的正式分类不能充分体现成员内部差异,高校在追求多元化学生群体目标时过度关注少数族裔身份,政策效应累加使少数族裔优势群体学生更具入学竞争优势,是"奶油层"产生的主要原因。其造成政策积极效果难以全面惠及少数族裔弱势群体,不能充分实现源自多元化学生群体的教育利益,增加高校应对司法诉讼履行举证责任的难度等负面影响。面对司法审查压力,公立高校改进积极差别待遇录取政策时势必突出政策细化和定向准确,在分类选择的基础上细化受益标准,在全面评价的基础上复核受益资格,在常态监测的基础上定期进行调整。The United States Supreme Court sustained constitutionality of the affirmative action admission policy in the latest judicial decision, but ＂creamy layer＂ controversy concerning minority advantaged students with improper benefit reappeared. The key feature of ＂creamy layer＂ is that it has only the name of minority but hasn＇ t the fact of disadvantage. Official minority category masking internal differences, achieving student body diversity by excessive focus on racial identity, and the accumulation of policy effect making the minority advantaged students more competitive in admission, are the major reasons creating the ＂creamy layer＂. This issue makes it difficult for disadvantaged students to get full benefit from the positive effect of the policy, difficult for average students to get essential and real educational benefit, and difficult for public higher education institutions to fulfill the burden of proof in judicial proceedings. Facing pressure from judicial review, public higher education institutions should highlight policy refinement and target accuracy while they are reforming the affirmative action admission pohcy. They will refine the definition standard based on category selection, re-examine the qualification based on holistic review, and make regular adjustment based on normal monitoring.

关 键 词：美国公立高校 高校录取政策 积极差别待遇 

分 类 号：G649.712[文化科学—高等教育学]