污损性海鞘的生态特点研究展望  

An overview of fouling ascidians

作　　者：严涛[1,2,3] 韩帅帅 王建军[4] 林和山 曹文浩[1,3] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院南海海洋研究所热带海洋生物资源与生态重点实验室,广州510301 [2]中国科学院大学,北京100049 [3]中国科学院海洋环境腐蚀与生物污损重点实验室,青岛266071 [4]国家海洋局第三海洋研究所,厦门361005

出　　处：《生态学报》2017年第20期6647-6655,共9页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(41176102);广州市科技计划项目(2013J4300046);中国科学院海洋环境腐蚀与生物污损重点实验室开放课题(MCKF201601)

摘　　要：海鞘生长快,繁殖迅速,能产生大量在短时间内附着的幼虫,是海洋污损生物群落中的重要成员,对海上人工设施会产生严重危害。污损性海鞘主要由悉尼海鞘(Ascidia sydneiensis)、史氏菊海鞘(Botryllus schlosseri)、米氏小叶鞘(Diplosoma listerianum)、柄瘤海鞘(Styela clava)、红贺海鞘(Herdmania momus)等9科29属103种组成,其中在太平洋海域64种、印度洋23种、大西洋44种,而北冰洋海域仅3种;另外,其附着污损具有明显的地域性和季节特点,并与深度有关。今后应加强污损性海鞘的生态调查和分类研究,阐明深海及两极海域附着污损特点,揭示幼虫附着变态过程的分子调控机理,完善幼虫采集培养技术,以期更好地掌握海鞘生物学特性与生态特点,丰富和发展海洋生态学内容,并为海洋污损生物的防除奠定基础,促进海洋经济产业的发展。Ascidians with rapid growth rate and sexual maturation are important benthic organisms in marine ecosystems and are also one of the major fouling groups. Following colonization on aquaculture facilities,ascidians cause a series of problems such as competing food and settlement substrata with the cultivated species,blocking netting holes,increasing the weight of cages and retarding water flow,leading to the deterioration of the aquaculture environment. Growth and quality of those cultivated species will therefore be negatively affected. To date,a total of 103 ascidian species within 29 genera and 9 families（ Ascidiidae, Cionidae, Clavelinidae, Didemnidae, Molgulidae, Perophoridae, Polyclinidae, Pyuridae and Styelidae） are identified from fouling communities worldwide. Of them,the dominant species are the solitary ascidians Ascidia sydneiensis,Phallusia nigra,Botryllus schlosseri,Diplosoma listerianum,Styela clava,Symplegma brakenhielmi,Herdmania momus,Microcosmus exasperates,Molgula manhattensis,as well as the compound species Ciona intestinalis. The distribution of fouling ascidians is highly relevant to geographic locations. Of them,64 species were found in the Pacific Ocean,23 in the Indian Ocean,44 in the Atlantic Ocean and 3 in the Arctic Ocean. In the Pacific Ocean,the mostcommon species are Styela plicata, S. canopus, Ciona intestinalis, Microcosmus exasperatus, Diplosoma listerianum,Molgula manhattensis and Ascidia longistriara. Moreover,the species A. sydneiensis,Phallusia nigra,Botryllus schlosseri,Diplosoma listerianum and Symplegma brakenhielmi are found in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans,whereas,Styela rustica is the dominant fouling species in the Arctic Ocean. Season is a major factor affecting ascidian fouling. Summer is the settlement peak in the Pacific Ocean,however,in the Indian Ocean the highest ascidian fouling biomass occurs in spring and autumn. In addition,larval settlement of different ascidians presents distinct preferences for substrata. On floating units,Phallusia nigra and Ascidia

关 键 词：污损性海鞘 种类组成 分布 附着 

分 类 号：Q958.8[生物学—动物学] X55[环境科学与工程—环境工程]