盐分在文物本体中的迁移及毁损机理  

Salt migrations and damage mechanism in cultural heritage objects

作　　者：靳治良[1] 刘端端 张永科[1] 陈港泉[2] 夏寅[3] 苏伯民[2] 周铁[3] 吕功煊[4] 罗宏杰[5] JIN Zhi - liang;LIU Duan - duan;ZHANG Yong - ke;CHEN Gang - quan;XIA SU Bo- ruing;ZHOU Tie;LU Gong- xuan;LUO Hong- jie(School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China;State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Laazhou 730000, China;National Ancient Mural Protection Engineering Technology Research Center, The Conservation Research Institute of the Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang 736200, China;Key Scientific Research Base of Ancient Polychrome Pottery Conservation, State Administration for Cultural Heritage, Emperor Qiushihuang＇ s Mausoleum Site Museum, Lintong 710600, China;Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China)

机构地区：[1]北方民族大学化学与化学工程学院国家民委化工技术基础重点实验室,宁夏银川750021 [2]敦煌研究院保护研究所国家古代壁画与土遗址保护工程技术研究中心,甘肃敦煌736200 [3]陶质彩绘文物保护国家文物局重点科研基地(秦始皇帝陵博物院),陕西临潼710600 [4]中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所羰基合成与选择氧化国家重点实验室,甘肃兰州730000 [5]上海大学,上海200444

出　　处：《文物保护与考古科学》2017年第5期102-116,共15页Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助(41663012);国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)资助(2012CB720901);国家科技支撑计划资助(2014BAK16B00);国家文物局文物保护科学和技术研究课题资助(20110207)

摘　　要：本文以盐分对文物本体的破坏机理为主题,分别评述了国内和国外的代表性研究成果,提出今后文化遗产盐害机理研究中需要重点关注的三个方面的问题。文物本体盐害的发生、发展与遗址本体中盐分的种类、含量、文物本体微结构以及环境变化密切相关,其盐害发生发展机理及盐分活动规律的研究是文化遗产保护的当然要求,也是文化遗产保护的难点和重点。以土遗址和陶质文物为主要研究对象,着眼于共性问题,研究文物本体环境现状、材料组成、病害调查、盐分组成、迁移、毛细吸附、结晶破坏及可溶盐沉淀分布等,归纳出了若干盐害毁损的机理和规律。鉴于硅酸盐质文化遗产盐害分布极其广泛、赋存环境条件千差万别、盐害成因复杂、表现形式多种多样、治理难度极其困难、盐害文物修复后的复发几率又比较频繁,所取得的研究进展还很难解释所有复杂的、千变万化的盐害现象。因此,如何建立一套符合文物盐害特点的研究方法,使得在该方法下获取的研究结果更加符合实际,也是很迫切的一项工作。Focusing on salt damage mechanisms,domestic and foreign research progress,were reviewed and three issues were proposed to be paid more attention in the future research.Salt damage is a key yet a very difficult topic in cultural heritage protection.The occurrence and development of salt damage to siliceous objects of cultural heritage are closely related to the type and the content of the primary soluble salts,the microstructure of the heritage object itself,environmental and meteorological changes,etc.Taking earthen sites and pottery relics as examples,the regular pattern of salt migration was probed.The physico-chemical property of the cultural heritage object＇s matrix,the environmental status,material composition,disease investigation,salt composition,salt migration,capillary adsorption,crystal destruction and soluble salt precipitation distribution,etc were reviewed.Several salt damage mechanisms and regular pattern are summarized.The current theory of crystal growth in pores has been further developed to include the thermodynamics of real salt solutions.In siliceous cultural heritage objects,due to the fact that the salt distribution is extremely broad and that prevailing environmental conditions vary widely,the causes of salt damage are complex and varied.Furthermore,external salt damage manifests itself in all kinds of strange ways,so that the repair is extremely difficult,and the probability of recurrence after repair is very high.Current research results cannot explain all the complex,ever-changing salt damage phenomena.Therefore,learning how to construct suitable methods that can effectively protect cultural heritage objects is a very urgent work.

关 键 词：文物本体 盐分迁移 盐害 毁损机理 

分 类 号：K879[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]